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§¬n vÞ n¨ng lîng dïng trong s¸ch

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2. §¬n vÞ n¨ng lîng dïng trong s¸ch

Dïng hÖ calorie thêng (cal) vµ joule (J)

1Kcal = 1 calorie lín (Cal) = 1000 calorie thêng

1Mcal = 1000 Kcal

1Kcal = 4,184 KJ

1KJ = 0,239 Kcal

Formulas used for estimation

of energy values in animal feeds

1. Formulas for estimation of energy

The forms of energy in animal feeds are the gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE); metabolizable energy (ME); and net energy (NE). The following energy forms are used to express the energy values of animal feeds:

Poultry feed: Metabolizable energy (ME)

Pig feed: Digestible energy (DE) and

metabolization Energy (ME)

Ruminant feeds:

Digestible energy (DE),

Metabolizable energy (ME) and

Net energy (NE).

The energy values in this book are estimated as follows:

1.1. Poultry feeds

The Metabolizable energy of feed in this book is the metabolizable energy that have been adjusted according to the nitrogen level accumulated in poultry body (MEc). Formulas of HILL and ANDERSON (1958):

MEc = ME - Ng accumulated in body x 8.22 Kcal/g

For estimation of ME (unadjusted Metabolizable energy) the formula of NEHRING (1973) is used:

ME (kcal/kg) = 4.26X₁ + 9.5X₂ + 4.23X₃ + 4.23X₄

X₁-X₄ respectively are the digestible protein; digestible fat; digestible fibre and the digestible nitrogen free extractives calculated by g/kg feed.

For estimating the nitrogen accumulated value of feed in chicken body we use the following criteria (BLUM-1988):

Matured chicken: accumulated N = 0

The layer and the last growing period: Accumulated N = 30% feed N

The early stage of growing chicken: Accumulated N = 40% feed N

For convenience, the number 35% has been chosen for estimation of all the poultry feed in this book.

1.2. Pig feeds

The following formulas of regression are used to estimate DE and ME (BO GOLH,1992):

DE (Kcal/kg) = 5.78X₁ + 9.42X₂ + 4.4X₃ + 4.07X₄

ME (kcal/kg) = 5.01X₁ + 8.93X₂ + 3.44X₃ + 4.08X₄

X₁ - X₄ respectively are the digestible protein; digestible fat, digestible fiber and digestible nitrogen free extractives calculated by g/kg feed.

1.3. Ruminants feed

DE (Mcal/kg CK) = 0.04409 TDN (1)

TDN means Total Digestible Nutrients calculated by % in dry mater (DM) in feed (see the estimation method below):

ME (Mcal/kg DM) = 0.82 DE (2)

DE (Mcal/kg DM) is calculated by the formula (1).

NE of feed for ruminants is estimated by the maintenance net energy (NEm), gain net energy (NEg), and latation net energy (MEl)

NEm (Mcal/kg DM) = 1.37ME - 0.138 ME² + 0.0105 ME³ - 1.12 (3)

NEg (Mcal/kg DM) = 1.42 ME - 0.174 ME² + 0.0122 ME³ - 1.65 (4)

NEl (Mcal/kg DM) = 0.623DE - 0.36 (5) or

Nel (Mcal/kg DM) = 0.0245TDN - 0.12 (6)

Formula (1) is from CRAMPTON (1957), formula (2) is from ARC (1965) and NRC 1976, formulas (3) and (4) are from GARRET - 1980, formulas (5), (6) are from MOE and TYRRELL (1976).

For estimation of TDN in feed for ruminants either of two following formulas can be used:

(1) First method: TDN = X₁ + X₂ 2.25 + X₃ + X₄

X₁ - X₄ respectively are the digestible protein, digestible fat, digestible fibre and digestible nitrogen free extractives calculated by % or g/kg feed. Thus the TDN is estimated by % or g/kg feed.

Table 1: Formulas for estimation of TDN in feed for ruminants

Species

Feed classes

TDN (% DM)

1

-17.2649 + 1.2120 TP + 0.8352 NFE + 2.4637 EE + 0.4475 CF

Cattle,

2

-21.7656 + 1.4284 TP + 1.0277 NFE + 1.2321 EE + 0.4867 CF

buffalo

3

-21.9391 + 1.0538 TP + 0.9736 NFE + 3.0016 EE + 0.4590 CF

4

40.2625 + 0.1969 TP + 0.4228 NFE + 1.1903 EE - 0.1379 CF

5

40.3227 + 0.5398 TP + 0.4448 NFE + 1.4218 EE - 0.7007 CF

1

-14.8356 + 1.3310 TP + 0.7823 NFE + 0.9787 EE + 0.5133 CF

Goat,

2

1.6899 + 1.3844 TP + 0.7526 NFE - 0.8279 EE + 0.3673 CF

Sheep

3

1.0340 + 0.9702 TP + 0.9150 NFE + 1.3513 EE + 0.0798 CF

4

2.6407 + 0.6964 TP + 0.9194 NFE + 1.2159 EE - 0.1043 CF

5

-37.3039 + 1.3048 TP + 1.3630 NFE + 2.1302 EE + 0.3618 CF

Source: WARDEH (1981)

Notes: CP, NFe, EE and CF respctively are crude protein, nitrogen free extractives, fat and crude fibre calculated by %on dry matter basis of feed.

The digestible fat in oil rich feeds, oil cake, and animal derived feed should be multiplied with 2.41; that of cereal grain, bean grain and the by products from these grain should be multiplied with 2.12; that of dry hay, rice straw, green fodder, silage, roots should be multiplied with 1.19 (Golh,1982).

(2) Second method: See table 1 (WARDEH-1981).

The feeds are divided into 8 groups according to their characteristics.

Feed Classes by Physical and Chemical Characteristics

No	Number class denominations and explanations

1	Dry forages and roughages
	All forages and roughages cut and cured and other products with more than 18% crude fiber forages and roughages are llow in net energy per unit weight usually because of the high cell wall content.
	Example dry forages:
	Hay
	Straw
	Stover (aerial part without ears without husks (for maize) or aerial part without heads (for sorghum).
	Example roughages:
	hulls
	Pods

2	Pasture, range plants and forages fed fresh
	Included in this group are all forages feeds either not cut (including feeds crured on the stem) or cut and fed fresh.

3	Silages
	This class includes only ensiled forages (maize, alfalfa, grass, etc.), but not ensiled fish, grain, roots and tubers.

4	Energy feeds
	Products with less than 20% protein and less than 18% crude fiber; as for example grain, milk by-products , nuts, roots, and tubers. also, when these feeds are ensiled they are classified as energy feeds.

5	Protein supplements
	Products with contain 20% or more of protein (dry basis) from animal origin (including en-siled products) as well as algae, oil meals, gluten, etc.

No	Number class denominations and explanations

6	Mineral supplements

7	Vitamin supplements
	Including ensiled yeast

8	Additives
	Feed supplements such as antibiotics, coloring material, flavors, hormones, and medicants.

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