This translation theory course is designed to meet the needs of students
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- Approaches to Translation by Peter Newmark
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C C O O M M M M U U N N I I C C A A T T I I V V E E A A N N D D S S E E M M A A N N T T I I C C T T R R A A N N S S L L A A T T I I O O N N
SOURCE LANGUAGE BIAS TARGET LANGUAGE BIAS LITERAL FREE FAITHFUL IDIOMATIC SEMANTIC / COMMUNICATIVE
Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.
In theory there are wide differences between the two methods. Communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader, who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary. But even here the translator still has to respect and work on the form of the source of language text as the only material basis for his work. Semantic translation remains within the original culture and assists the reader only in its connotations if they constitute the essential human (non - ethnic) message of the text. One basis difference between the two methods is that where there is a conflict, the communicative must emphasize the “force” rather than the content of the message.
Communicative and semantic translation may well coincide - in particular, where the text conveys a general rather than a culturally (temporally and spatially) bound message and where the matter is as important as the manner notably then in the translation of the most important religions, philosophical, artistic and scientific texts, assuming second readers as informed and interested as the first. Further, there are often sections in one text that must be translated communicatively (e. g. non - lieu – “nonsuit”), and others semantically (e. g. a quotation from speech). There is no one communicative not one semantic method of translating a text - these are in fact widely overlapping bands of 19
methods. A translation can be more, or less, semantic - more, or less, communicative - even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or less semantically.
Since the overriding factor in deciding how to translate is the intrinsic importance of every semantic unit in the text, it follows that the vast majority of texts require communicative rather than semantic translation. Most non - literary writing, journalism, informative articles and books, textbooks, reports, scientific and technological writing, non - personal correspondence, propaganda, publicity - public notices, standardized writing, popular fiction the run - of - the mill texts which have to be translated today but were not translated and in most cases did not exist a hundred years ago - comprise typical material suitable for communicative translation. On the other hand, original expression, where the specific language of the speaker or writer is as important as the content, whether it is philosophical, religious political, scientific, technical or literary, needs to be translated semantically.
From Approaches to Translation by Peter Newmark |