This translation theory course is designed to meet the needs of students
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T T H H E E I I D D E E A A L L T T R R A A N N S S L L A A T T I I O O N N
ACCURATE, Reproducing as exactly as possible the meaning of the source text. BEAUTIFUL,
Using natural forms of the receptor language (TL) in a way that is appropriate to the kind of text being translated.
COMMUNICATIVE,
Expressing all aspects of the meaning in a way that is really understandable to the intended audience.
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Exercises in Theory of Translation
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E E X X E E R R C C I I S S E E S S I I N N T T H H E E O O R R Y Y O O F F T T R R A A N N S S L L A A T T I I O O N N 1. What is translation?
Rendering the meaning of a text, linguistic and cultural barriers, target language, source language.
+ Translation is the process of conveying messages across …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………. (Dr Ian Tudor)
+ Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (…………………………………) by equivalent textual material in another languag(…………………………………..) (J. C. Catford) +Translation is …………………………………………………………………………………… into another language in the way that the author intended the text.
(Peter Newmark) 2. Source language (SL) and Target language (TL)
+.......... is the language of the text that is to be or has been translated. +.....……. is the language of the translated text. 35
3. What is cultural context?
Translation not only involves understanding the general subject matter of the communication, but also calls upon the ability to switch into the culture of the communication. Before we can translate a message, we must understand the total meaning of the message within its own cultural context.
Primary schools : Public schools : Public works : Public conveniences : Public facilities : Mixed business : Cat Association : Travelland : Videoland : Bottle shop : Travelator : B-Y-O (Bring Your Own): Lay - by
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4. Translation and Interpretation
Simultaneously, Written.
…………… implies carefully analyzing the massage given within the context of a particular …………… and transferring this message into another …………… linguistic code ……………, on the other hand, means doing the same but …………… and …………… .
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5. Types of Translation and Interpretation. Match the four types in column A with the descriptions in column B.
B 1. Prepared translation
2. Sight translation
3. Consecutive interpretation
interpretation a. includes an immediate, oral rendition based on a written text. b. is the process of listening to a speech or lecture in one language and at a certain moment, transcribing and summarizing it orally, in another language. The time lapse between the speech and your interpretation varies. c. involves the preparation of a translation outside of class and it is then constructively criticized by both students and teacher. d. involves the
immediate, simultaneous interpretation of what is being said into another language.
6. The Analysis of a Text a. Reading the text, understanding the text requires both general and close reading.
There are two purposes for reading: First, to understand what it is about; second, to analyse it from a translator’s point of view. You have to determine its intention and the way it is written for the purpose of selecting a suitable translation method and identifying particular and recurrent problems.
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b. Text styles (literary or non - literary)
column B. A B 1. Narrative
3. Discussion
4. Dialogue a. It is my opinion that too many people are controlled by television. The reason for this is that they become addicted and only sit at home and watch it. b. A few years ago I spent a week in the Dominican Republic. The week was over and I was at the airport ready to leave when I discovered, to my dismay, that I had forgotten one of my suitcases at my hotel... c. Oh, we got married last year. We live in Birmingham now. Look, why don’t you come up and visit us sometime? Pat would love to see you again. d. The film is set in America, and tells the story of a young man who runs a lonely, isolated motel with his elderly mother. They live in a large, old house next to the motel, but although we often hear their conversations we never see the mother in person...
Match the scale of formality on the left with the appropriate sentences on the right.
1. Officialese 2. Official 3. Formal 4. Neutral 5. Informal
6. Colloquial 7. Slang 8. Taboo a. The consumption of nutriment is prohibited. b. Eating is not allowed here. c. You can’t feed your face here. d. Lay off the fucking nosh. e. The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment. f. You are requested not to consume food in this establishment. g.
Please don’t eat here. h. Lay off the nosh.
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+ Which of the following expressions is mainly spoken or written.
- I can never repay you. - What a lovely surprise! - Please convey our thanks to... -It was most kind of you to... - Thanks a lot. - Many thanks. - The mistaken assumption here is that... - The argument is fallacious in several respects. - I’m most obliged. - I’m extremely grateful.
B 1. Simple
2. Popular 3. Neutral
5. Technical
6. Opaquely technical a. The floor of the oceans is covered with great mountain chains and deep trenches. b. The latest step in vertebrate evolution was the tool - making man. c. Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali - stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Klenk from gangliosides. (Comprehensible only to an expert). d. The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits. e. (Using basic vocabulary only) A graveyard to animal and plant remains lies buried in the earth’s crust.
f. Critical path analysis is an operational research technique used in management.
Context is that which occurs before and/or after a word, a phrase or even a long utterance or text. The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc. For exam ple, the word “loud” in “loud music” is usually understood as mean ing “noisy”, where as in “a tie with a loud pattern” it is understood as “unpleasantly colorful”. The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used. For example, in ordinary usage, “spinster” refers to an older unmarried woman but in legal context is refers to any unmarried woman.
In translation, context is understood as the “what”, “where”, and “to whom” of our communication. “What” we are writing or speaking about (subject matter), “where” the language occurs (place or publication), and “to whom” it is addressed. All three are relevant in translation.
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8. Text types
a. Articles such as the following shall not be carried in passenger’s baggage without prior of arrangement with Carrier: Compressed gases (flammable, non-flammable and poisonous).
b. Postage on this envelope has been prepaid for one posting only to anywhere within Australia by air where necessary to meet delivery timetables. This envelope can only be used for correspondence and documents up to 500 grams with maximum thickness of 5 mm.
c. Shepherd Street Car Park (entry from Shepherd St, Chippendale) or other designated parking areas Parking Fee: $4:00 Buses run between designated parking areas and Main campus every 15 minutes.
d. * 2500 pages, thumb - indexed
* 2500 spot maps and illustrations * Fine - quality paper; durable Smyth - sewn binding * Modern, easy - to - read type
e. Studio and 1 -2 bedroom suites. Twice daily maid service, barber/ beauty shop, room service. Attended Elevators and 24 - hours security. Complimentary on - premise parking. Home of the famous Maxim’s de Paris.
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f. Peel and finely chop onion. Hear oil, add onion, cook until onion is transparent. Stir in chopped celery and crushed garlic, cook 30 seconds. Remove from heat, stir is undrainned butter beans, tomato paste, chilli, sausages with Tomato and Onion, mix well. Pour mixture into the oven.
g. MARCH 21 - APRIL 20 Be alert when dealing with business partners or members of your family this week, as someone is trying to undermine you. Some will take risks or speculate in some way with money or securities; avoid impulsive decisions or losses may occur. This is favorable week for study, travel or legal settlements.
h. Neat I bedroom unit on top floor position. Spacious lounge/dining, good large bathroom. Bright aspect, carspace. Can’t last long at this price.
9. Contextual Meaning Find the meaning of the underlined words. How can the meaning of those words be implied? A country girl was walking along the snerd with a roggle of milk on her head. She began saying to herself, t he money of which I’ll sell this milk will make me enough money to increase my trunk of eggs to three hundred. These eggs will produce the same number of chickens, and I will be able to sell the chickens for large wunk of money. Before long, I will have enough money to live a rich and fallentious life. All the young men will want to marry me. But I will refuse them all with a ribble of a head - like this...” And as she ribbled her head, the roggle fell to the ground and all the milk ran in a white stream along the snerd, carrying her plan with it.
Fill in the spaces with suitable words or expressions:
A doctor who worked in a village was very (annoyed/ angry) ……………….. because many people used to stop him in the street and ask his advice. In this way, he was never paid for his (1) ……………….. and he never managed to earn much money. He (2) ……………….. his mind to put an end to this. One day, he was stopped by a young man who said to him “Oh, doctor, I’m so glad to see you.
I’ve got a severe pain in my left side.” The doctor (3)……………….. to be interested and said, “Shut your eyes and (4)……………….. your tongue out of your mouth.” Then he went away, leaving the man standing in the street with his tongue hanging out (5) ……………….. and a large (6)……………….. of people laughing at him. diagnose
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1. Job/ help 2. Made up 3. Seemed/ pretented 4. Jut/ put 5. Away/ 6. Crowd/ amount Suggest suitable Vietnamese translation for all the underlined words in the passages below. Note the one which you consider better suited to the context.
a. Some people are always up in the clouds or down in the depths. They swing from one extreme to another. Others are stolid and indifferent, never much thrilled by success and never greatly put out by failure. b. Men are prepared to go to extra ordinary lengths to get political power. They will sacrifice health, comfort and domestic peace, up with almost unlimited amounts of public criticism and abuse, and risk the humiliations and disappointment of defeat. c. Social behaviour is a matter of output and input. We send out signals with our own actions, and we take in massage from the actions of others. When all is well we achieve a balance between these two, but sometimes this equilibrium is upset. d. “Why did you believe him when he said he wasn’t married?” asked Mary. “Because”, replied Pamela, “he was so good - looking and well - dressed, and had such a nice voice.” “All that glitters is not gold”, Mary reminded her. e.
“Why are you writing science fiction”, asked the friend of an author, “instead of the historical novels you used to write?” “Because”, replied the author, science fiction has become very popular and I’m making hay while the sun shines.” f. “I applied for a fortnight’s holiday, but we’ve so short - handed that they’d only give me a week. S till, half a loaf’s better than no bread.”
Below is a selection of titles of books, films,TV programmes, and advertising slogans. Suggest how the titles or slogans could be rendered into Vietnamese. (Feel free to use your imagination.)
1. A Taste of India (Title of an illustrated book on Indian cooking)
2. Manwatching (Title of a book on human behavior - gesture and movement)
3. Heineken - Refreshes the parts Other beers cannot reach
(Advertisement For Heineken beer) 42
4. Johnnie Walker - Born 1820, and still going strong (Advertisement for Johnnie Walker whisky)
5. The Heart of The Dragon (Tittle of a TV documentary series on China)
6. Educating Rita (Title of a film based on a stage comedy about a young hairdresser, Rita, who decides to ”improve her mind”at a summer university course, with her reluctant tutor, Frank)
(TV documentary series tracing the development of the human race since prehistoric times)
8. Take the Money and Run (Hit & run) (Title of the film - a farce, with Woody Allen as an unsuccessful crook who repeatedly ended up in fail)
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CANADA - THE BIG COUNTRY FOR BIG VALUE HOLIDAYS (Tourism Division of the Canadian Commission)
Translate at sight the following text into Vietnamese.Note the translation of its title + How can the text help you to choose a suitable Vietnamese equivalent for the title?
BOTTLE OR BREAST
The bottle or the breast? Parents have gone back and forth on this question most of this century.
The researchers examined 100 healthy, full - term infants who were, on the average, a day and a half old. Sixty-one of the newborns were breastfeeding; 39 were being bottle-fed.
While the infants slept, the researchers assessed their heart and breathing patterns. After the infants awoke, the researchers gave them a standard test of newborn behavior, measuring, for example, their responses to lights and rattles, how quickly and how often they cried, their reflexes and their overall activity levels.
At least, researchers tried to measure this behavior. They say they were unable to complete the tests on many of the breast-fed infants, who got irritated rather quickly and were hard to console. Even those tested completely were relatively cantankerous. The scientists had an easier time with bottle-fed babies, who showed greater self - control and less fussiness. 43
There was no difference between the groups in terms of alertness or muscle responses. Differences did emerge regarding the babies’ heart rate. Bottlefeeders had faster heart rates than breastfeeders.
From the Magazine New Idea Translate the following question into Vietnamese. Do you know the meaning of war? - Find two situations in which the question above can be rendered into Vietnamese?
Give Vietnamese equivalents to the world “dress” in the following contexts:
a. I dressed myself. 1. I made the logs smooth. b. I dressed a chicken 2. I put medicine on and bandaged the wound.
c. I dressed timber. 3. I put my clothes on d. The soldiers dressed rank. 4. The soldiers lined up in straight rows. e. I dressed the wound. 5. I defeathered a chicken and took its inwards out.
Note the meaning of the underlined words or phrases in the passages below. Render them into Vietnamese.
a. Any notice required to be served shall, if to be served on the grantee, be sufficiently served if addressed to the grantee and sent by prepaid post to or delivered at the property or the grantee’s last known place of business in Vietnam. b. Lawnmowing. For prompt, efficient and friendly service, please call John on 798 - 6426. Special discounts available. (Advertisement on lawn and Mower Services) c. To the full extent permitted by law, the Bank shall not be liable for any consequences arising from any circumstances beyond its control. In the event that the law imposes on the Bank a non-excludable liability which can lawfully be limited to the cost of the resupply of the service any such liability which the Bank may incur is hereby so limited. (From “International Money
”)
d. The information you give in this form is needed by the Department of Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs to carry out its functions and activities. It is also the Department’s usual practice to pass on some or all of such information to agencies which deal with education, health, community service and social welfare. (From A “Health undertaking”)
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e. I undertake to present my copy of this document to that authority; to place myself under the authority’s professional supervision and to undergo any course of treatment, chest X-ray examination or investigation which the authority directs. (From A “Health Undertaking”) f. I authorize the Regional Office to request and obtain from the institution at which I am undertaking a course of study or training such details of my academic progress and examination as may be required. (From A
In each of the following, the meaning is ambiguous because the word which is underlined has at least two senses. Rewrite with two sentences, one adding enough context to signal one meaning and a second adding enough context to signal a second meaning. Do not change the words given below, only add context.
1. I bought a book on Broadway. 2. I saw what he was talking about. 3. I ran into Mr. Jones yesterday. 4. John rose rapidly.
Connotation and Denotation.
Describe the connotative and denotative differences between the words ”con räöng ” and “dragon”.
Denotation Connotation Dragon
Con räöng
Suggest the connotative meaning of each of the following words: cat, green, fox, gold, donkey, war, dove, laurel, rose, father, daddy, the old man, tribe, Negro, skinny, thin, slender, fat, overweight, plump.
How can be phrase “con räöng chaïu tiãn” be transferred into English?
Find two sets of words in Vietnamese in which the members have the same referential meaning but one has a good connotation and one has a neutral connotation.
A translator must be aware of the positive and negative connotation of words in the source language so as to translate with an appropriate connotation in the target language.
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English translated sentences 1. Nhớ gửi thư cho mình nhé. Remember to send me a letter. (LT)
2. Coi chừng cửa mới sơn! Be careful! The door has just been painted. Wet paint! 3. Học, học nữa, học mãi. Study, study, study forever. Study, study and study. 4. Tôi chờ mãi mà chẳng thấy ai cả.
I waited for a very long time, but didn’t see anybody. I waited and waited but nobody came. 5. Tôi nghĩ là ông ấy sẽ không làm việc đó. I think he will not do that work.
6. Xin đừng quên những vấn đề trước đây.
Please don’t forget the problems we discussed before.
Please don’t forget the problems before. 7.
Nếu có phương tiện, hãy gửi thư cho tôi .
If there is any means, send me a letter. Send me a letter if there is a way to do so. 46
SEMANTIC TRANSLATION VS COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION Select the ST or CT in the translated sentences below and decide which ones are better.
Vấn đề nầy thật khó giải quyết . This problem is very difficult to solve. It’s quite difficult to solve this problem.
The lights are not bright. Certainly electricity has been cut. The lights are not working. There must a power- cut.
Young men occupy 45% of the population in the world. Young men and women make up 45% of the world’s population. account for 4. Âm nhạc là nguồn an ủi duy nhất của cô ấy. Music is her only solace. Music is her only source of consolation.
In Summer the sun sets later than in Winter. The sun sets later in Summer than it does in Winter.
These goods are sold like fresh shrimp. These goods sell like hot cakes.
Viet Nam ‘s shore has the length of over 3,000 kilometres. Viet Nam has a coastline of more than 3,000 kilometres.
A volcano has erupted in Indonesia. Hundreds are feared dead. A volcano has acted in Indonesia. People fear that hundreds of people were killed.
9. Đồng băng sông Cửu Long nghèo vì dân số tăng nhanh. The Mekong River Delta is poor because the population increases rapidly. The Mekong River Delta’s poverty is caused by its overpopulation.
10. Nhà nước đã dành ngân sách 30 tỷ đồng cho công cuộc chống nạn mù chữ. The State has reserved a budget of 30 billion dongs for the work of anti-illiteracy. The State has spent an amount of 30 billion dongs on anti-illiteracy campaigns
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IMPROVE THE FOLLOWING VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONS 1. People are not born with culture; they have to learn it. For instance, people must learn to speak and understand a language and to abide by the rules of a society.
Con người không phải sinh ra cùng với văn hóa , tuy nhiên họ phải hoc hỏi nó. Chẳng hạn con người phải học nói và hiểu một ngôn ngữ và tuân theo những qui tắc của một xã hội.
. We live in an overcrowded world teeming with billions of humans who are destined to suffocate our cities and squeeze our planet of its precious resources. Chúng ta đang sống trong một thế giới đông đúc với hàng tỷ người chịu cảnh nghẹt thở trong các thành phố hay chen lấn trên một hành tinh có những tài nguyên quý hiếm.
Burglary has been one of Britain fastest - growing crimes, and has now reached the level where one home in England and Wales is hit every 35 seconds. Trộm cắp là một trong những tội phạm phát triển nhanh nhất ở Anh, và hiện nay đã đạt đến mức độ là cứ một căn nhà ở Anh và xứ wales bị trộm đụng đến trong vòng 35 giây.
Sample Test 48
KHOA TIÃÚNG ANH
Män : LYÏ THUYÃÚT DËCH Thåìi gian: 50 phuït ................................................................................................................................
Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases to best complete the following sentences. 1- Translation is the process of ........................................................ across ........................................ and .................................................... . 2- Translation is ........................................................ of a text ............................................ in the way that ........................................................ .
Match the definitions in Column B with four relevant types of translation and interpretation in Column A. 1- ______ Prepared translation a. involves the immediate rendition of what is being said into another language. 2- ______ Sight translation b. deals with the preparation of a written translation. 3- ______ Consecutive interpretation c. includes an immediate oral transferring of a written text. 4- ______ Simultaneous interpretation d. is the process of rendering a speech or lecture in one language by giving an oral summary in another language.
......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
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IV. Use the semantic and communicative translation to turn the following sentences into English. 1- "Âäöng bàòng säng Cæíu long ngheìo vç dán säú tàng nhanh" ST: .................................................................................................................. CT: ................................................................................................................. 2- "An toaìn laì baûn, tai naûn laì thuì" ST: ................................................................................................................ CT: ................................................................................................................
as open as day as poor as a church mouse as soft as butter as dark as ink as stupid as a donkey as rich as Rockefeller as good as gold as gentle as a lamb as fast as lightning as heavy as lead as cool as cucumber to sleep like a log Reproducing the same image Replacing the image Turning the simile to sense e.g. as dark as ink as stupid as a donkey as rich as Rockefeller ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... .............................................. ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................
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MAIN REFERENCES
[1] Duff A., Translation, O.U.P, 1990. [2] Hatim B., Discourse and the Translator, Longman, 1990. [3] Mc Guire S. B., Translation Studies, Methuen, 1980. [4] Newmark P., Approaches to Translation¸Oxford, 1981. [5] Newmark P., A Textbook of Translation, Prentice Hall Inter, 1988. [6] Nick Brieger & Andy Jackson, Advanced International English, Cassel, 1989.
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