NGỮ pháp liệt kê Ghi chú

C¸ch sö dông giíi tõ.

S¬ ®å d­íi ®©y sÏ ®em l¹i cho b¹n 1 ý niÖm chung vÒ c¸ch sö dông giíi tõ. Tuy nhiªn, nã kh«ng gióp ®­îc b¹n hiÓu nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ chøa giíi tõ nhÊt ®Þnh. §èi víi nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ mµ tù nã kh«ng nãi lªn nghÜa cña nã th× nghÜa cña nã sÏ ph¶i häc thuéc. Nghiªn cøu c¸c c©u vÝ dô ®Ó hiÓu nghÜa cña mçi thµnh ng÷. C¸c giíi tõ vµ thµnh ng÷ nµy rÊt quan träng trong tÊt c¶ c¸c phÇn cña TOEFL.

on

to from

through

into out of

by

1. During - trong suèt (hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong mét qu·ng thêi gian)

VÝ dô:

During the summer, we do not have to study.

2. From (tõ) >< to (®Õn).

From a time to a time

a place a place
He lived in Germany from 1972 to 1978.

We drove from Atlanta to New York in one day.

From time to time : thØnh tho¶ng, ®«i khi.

VÝ dô:

1. Out of (ra khái) >< into (di vµo)

• 
  be (run) out of + danh tõ : hÕt, kh«ng cßn.
  
• 
  be out of town : ®i v¾ng.
  

• 
  be out of date (cò, lçi thêi) >< be up to date (míi, cËp nhËt, hîp thêi)
  

• 
  be out of work : thÊt nghiÖp.
  

• 
  be out of the question : kh«ng thÓ ®­îc.
  

• 
  be out of order: háng.
  

1. by

• 
  §éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng + by = ®i ngang qua.
  
• 
  §éng tõ tÜnh + by = ë gÇn, ë bªn.
  
• 
  by + thêi gian cô thÓ : tr­íc lóc.
  

• 
  By ®­îc dïng trong c©u bÞ ®éng ®Ó chØ ra chñ thÓ g©y hµnh ®éng.
  

• 
  By + ph­¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng (bus/ plane/ train/ car/ ship/ bike).
  

• 
  By then : tr­íc lóc ®ã.
  

• 
  By way of = via : theo ®­êng.
  

• 
  By the way : 1- t×nh cê.
  

2- nh©n ®©y, tiÖn ®©y.

• 
  By far + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh : (dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh).
  

• 
  By accident / by mistake : t×nh cê. >< on purpose (cè t×nh).
  

1. In (ë trong, ë t¹i) - nghÜa x¸c ®Þnh h¬n at

• 
  In a room/ building/ drawer/ closet : bªn trong ...
  

• 
  In + n¨m/ th¸ng.
  

• 
  In time : ®óng giê -võa vÆn.
  

• 
  In the street: d­íi lßng ®­êng.
  

• 
  In the morning / afternoon/ evening : vµo buæi s¸ng/ buæi chiÒu/ buæi tèi.
  

• 
  In the past/ future: trong qu¸ khø/ t­¬ng lai.
  

• 
  In future : tõ nay trë ®i.
  

• 
  In the beginning/ end. : tho¹t ®Çu/ rèt cuéc = at first/ at last.
  

• 
  In the way : ch¾n ngang lèi, ®ç ngay lèi.
  

• 
  Once in a while : thØnh tho¶ng, ®«i khi.
  

• 
  In no time at all: trong nh¸y m¾t, trong 1 tho¸ng.
  

• 
  In the meantime = meanwhile : trong lóc ®ã.
  

• 
  In the middle : ë gi÷a (®Þa ®iÓm).
  

• 
  In the army/ air force/ navy. Trong qu©n ®éi/ trong kh«ng lùc/ trong h¶i qu©n.
  
• 
  In the + sè thø tù + row : ë hµng ghÕ thø.
  

• 
  In the event that : trong tr­êng hîp.
  

• 
  In case : ®Ó phßng khi, ®Ó ngé nhì.
  

• 
  Be/ get in touch/ contact with : tiÕp xóc, liªn l¹c, gÆp gì víi ai.
  

1. on

• 
  On + thø trong tuÇn/ ngµytrong th¸ng.
  

• 
  On + a/the + ph­¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike).
  

• 
  On a street : ë t¹i phè.
  

• 
  On + the + sè thø tù + floor: ë tÇng thø.
  

• 
  On time : ®óng giê (bÊt chÊp hoµn c¶nh bªn ngoµi).
  

• 
  On the corner (of two street) : gãc gi÷a 2 phè.
  

On the corner at the corner in the corner

• 
  On the sidewalk : trªn vØa hÌ.
  

• 
  On the way : trªn ®­êng tíi >< on the way back to: trªn ®­êng trë vÒ.
  

• 
  On the right/ left : ë bªn tr¸i/ bªn ph¶i.
  

• 
  On television/ (the) radio: trªn truyÒn h×nh/ trªn ®µi ph¸t thanh.
  

• 
  On the telephone (on the phone): nãi trªn ®iÖn tho¹i, gäi ®iÖn tho¹i, nhµ cã m¾c ®iÖn tho¹i.
  

Janet will be here soon; she is on the telephone.

• 
  On the whole = in general : nãi chung.
  

• 
  On the other hand: tuy nhiªn.
  
• 
  on the one hand ... on the other hand : mét mÆt ... mÆt kh¸c.
  

• 
  On sale 1- for sale : cã b¸n, ®Ó b¸n.
  

VÝ dô: The house will go on sale this weekend.

The regular price of the radio is $39.95, but today it’s on sale for $25.

• 
  On foot: ®i bé.
  

7. at - ë t¹i (th­êng lµ bªn ngoµi, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh b»ng in)

• 
  At + sè nhµ.
  

• 
  At + thêi gian cô thÓ.
  

• 
  At + home/ school/ work : ë nhµ/ ë tr­êng/ ®ang lµm viÖc.
  

• 
  At + noon/ night: vµo ban tr­a/ vµo ban ®ªm.
  

• 
  At least : tèi thiÓu >< at most : tèi ®a.
  

• 
  At once : ngay lËp tøc.
  

• 
  At times : thi tho¶ng, ®«i khi.
  

• 
  At present/ the moment = now + thêi tiÕp diÔn.
  

VÝ dô: She will be here presently : c« Êy sÏ tíi ®©y ngay b©y giê.

VÝ dô: Presently he heard her living home.

VÝ dô: She is presently working on her PhD degree. - HiÖn nay c« Êy ®ang lµm luËn ¸n tiÕn sÜ triÕt häc.

VÝ dô: She is studying at the moment.

• 
  At first : tho¹t ®Çu >< at last : vÒ sau.
  

• 
  At the beginning/ at the end of : ë ®Çu/ ë cuèi ( dïng cho ®Þa ®iÓm/ thêi gian).
  

• 
  On the beach: trªn b·i biÓn.
  

• 
  In place of = instead of : thay cho, thay v×.
  

VÝ dô: She was supposed to come this morning, but she went to the lab instead.

• 
  For the most part : chñ yÕu.
  

• 
  In hopes of + Ving = hoping to + verb = hoping that + sentence.
  

• 
  Of course : ch¾c ch¾n, tÊt nhiªn.
  

• 
  Off and on : dai d¼ng, t¸i håi, tõng chËp mét.
  

• 
  All of a sudden: bÊt th×nh l×nh.
  

• 
  For good = for ever : vÜnh viÔn, m·i m·i.
  

55. Ng÷ ®éng tõ.

• 
  To break off: chÊm døt, c¾t ®øt, ®o¹n tuyÖt.
  

• 
  To bring up: nªu ra, ®­a ra.
  

• 
  Call on : 1- yªu cÇu.
  

2- ghÐ th¨m, ®Õn th¨m.

VÝ dô: The new minister called on each of the families of his church in order to become better acquainted with them.

• 
  Care for: 1- thÝch (take care of).
  

2- tr«ng nom, s¨n sãc (take care for).

VÝ dô: My neighbors asked me to care for their children after school.

• 
  Check out : 1- M­în s¸ch (th­ viÖn).
  

2- xem xÐt, ®iÒu tra.

VÝ dô: This photocopy machine is not working properly. Could you check out the problem?

• 
  Check out of : lµm thñ tôc (®Ó ra khái kh¸ch s¹n, s©n bay, nhµ ga) >< check into : lµm thñ tôc ®Ó vµo s©n bay, kh¸ch s¹n...
  
• 
  Check (up) on : ®iÒu tra.
  

• 
  Close in on : tiÕn l¹i gÇn, ch¹y l¹i gÇn.
  

• 
  Come along with: ®i cïng víi.
  

• 
  Come down with : M¾c ph¶i 1 c¨n bÖnh.
  

• 
  Count on = depent on = rely on : tr«ng cËy vµo, dùa vµo, nhê vµo.
  

• 
  Do away with = eliminate = get rid of : tèng khø, lo¹i bá, trõ khö.
  

• 
  Draw up : so¹n th¶o (1 hîp ®ång, 1 kÕ ho¹ch).
  

• 
  Drop out of : bá (®Æc biÖt bá häc gi÷a chõng).
  

56. Sù kÕt hîp cña c¸c danh tõ, ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ víi c¸c giíi tõ

Nouns + prepositions

equivalent of quality of pair of

number of reason for sample of

example of exception for possibility of

C¸c danh tõ cho trong b¶ng sau cã thÓ ®i víi hoÆc for hoÆc of.

fear

method

hatred

need

means

VÝ dô:

I saw a sample of her work and was quite impressed.

They have yet to discover a new method of/ method for analyzing this information.
§éng tõ + giíi tõ.

Decide on detract from emerge from participate in confide in

plan on engage in escape from remove from pay for

depend on approve of succeed in mingle with rely on

Chó ý: Kh«ng ®­îc nhÇm lÉn gi÷a to cña mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ víi giíi tõ to. Mét sè ®éng tõ cã thÓ hoÆc ®