Chñ ng÷ (subject)
§øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ.
Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ 1 côm tõ, 1 ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ (cã to), 1 V+ing, song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ 1 danh tõ v× 1 danh tõ cã liªn quan tíi nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:
Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc.
- Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã thÓ ®îc dïng víi sè ®Õm do ®ã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng ®îc dïng víi a (an) vµ the.
- Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc kh«ng dïng ®îc víi sè ®Õm do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu. Do ®ã, nã kh«ng dïng ®îc víi a (an).
- Mét sè c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt vÝ dô:
-
person - people woman – women
mouse - mice foot – feet
tooth - teeth man - men.
|
-Sau ®©y lµ mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc mµ ta cÇn biÕt.
-
Sand
|
soap
|
physics
|
mathematics
|
News
|
mumps
|
Air
|
politics
|
measles
|
information
|
Meat
|
homework
|
food
|
economics
|
advertising*
|
money
|
* MÆc dï advertising lµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc, nhng advertisement l¹i lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc.
VÝ dô:
There are too many advertisements during television shows.
There is too much advertising during television shows.
- Mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc nh food, meat, money, sand, water, ®«i lóc ®îc dïng nh c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®îc ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau cña lo¹i danh tõ ®ã.
VÝ dô:
This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.
(chØ ra mét lo¹i thøc ¨n ®Æc biÖt nµo ®ã)
He studies meats
( ch¼ng h¹n pork, beef, lamb. vv...)
B¶ng sau lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®îc víi danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc.
Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc (with count noun)
|
Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc (with non-count noun)
|
a (an), the, some, any
this, that, these, those, none,one,two,three,...
many
a lot of
plenty of
a large number of
a great number of, a great many of.
(a) few
few ... than
more ... than
|
the, some, any
this, that
non
much (thêng dïng trong c©u phñ ®Þnh hoÆc c©u hái
a lot of
a large amount of
a great deal of
(a) little
less ... than
more ... than
|
- Danh tõ time nÕu dïng víi nghÜa thêi gian lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc nhng nÕu dïng víi nghÜa sè lÇn hoÆc thêi ®¹i l¹i lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc.
VÝ dô:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
1- a vµ an
an - ®îc dïng:
- tríc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn ©m (vowel) a, e, i, o
- hai b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y
- c¸c danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng h c©m.
vÝ dô: u : an uncle.
h : an hour
- hoÆc tríc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t ®îc ®äc nh 1 nguyªn ©m.
VÝ dô: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP
a : ®îc dïng:
- tríc 1 danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng phô ©m (consonant).
- dïng tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng uni.
a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.
- tríc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®îc, tríc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt ®Æc ®iÓm, tÝnh chÊt, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu trong c©u.
- ®îc dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè lîng nhÊt ®Þnh.
VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.
- dïng tríc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh, ®Æc biÖt lµ chØ hµng tr¨m, hµng ngµn.
VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand.
- tríc half khi nã theo sau 1 ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn.
VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ®äc lµ one and a half kilos.
Chó ý: 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tríc half).
- dïng tríc half khi nã ®i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµnh tõ ghÐp.
VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ, a half-share : nöa cæ phÇn.
- dïng tríc c¸c tû sè nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth .
- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tû lÖ.
VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.
- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ tríc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®îc, dïng trong c©u c¶m th¸n.
VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!
Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.
- a cã thÓ ®îc ®Æt tríc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname):
VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.
a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ ‘ ngêi ®µn «ng ®îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ ngêi l¹ ®èi víi ngêi nãi. Cßn nÕu kh«ng cã a tøc lµ ngêi nãi biÕt «ng Smith.
2- The
- §îc sö dông khi danh tõ ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø 2 trong c©u.
- The + noun + preposition + noun.
VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America.
- The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô
VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.
- Tríc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt.
VÝ dô: She is in the garden.
- The + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc sè tõ thø tù hoÆc only way.
VÝ dô : The first week; the only way.
- The + dt sè Ýt tîng trng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ®æi danh tõ sang sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes.
Nhng ®èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ngêi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ®øng tríc.
VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.
- The + danh tõ sè Ýt chØ thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ngêi nhÊt ®Þnh.
VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.
- The + adj ®¹i diÖn cho 1 líp ngêi, nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu nhng ®îc coi lµ 1 danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ ®éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ®îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô: the old = ngêi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ngêi tµn tËt; The unemployed = nh÷ng ngêi thÊt nghiÖp.
- Dïng tríc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö.
VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.
- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
VÝ dô: the East/ West end.
The North / South Pole.
Nhng kh«ng ®îc dïng the tríc c¸c tõ chØ ph¬ng híng nµy, nÕu nã ®i kÌm víi tªn cña mét khu vùc ®Þa lý.
VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.
- The + tªn c¸c ®å hîp xíng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng.
VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
- The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇu biÓn/ khinh khÝ cÇu.
VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.
- The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒu cã nghÜa lµ gia ®×nh hä nhµ ...
VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cßn gäi lµ gia ®×nh nhµ Smith.
- The + Tªn ë sè Ýt + côm tõ/ mÖnh ®Ò cã thÓ ®îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n biÖt ngêi nµy víi ngêi kh¸c cïng tªn.
VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter.
- Kh«ng dïng the tríc 1 sè danh tõ nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, university khi nã ®i víi ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng (chØ ®i tíi ®ã lµm môc ®Ých chÝnh).
VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
to bed ( ®Ó ngñ)
to church (®Ó cÇu nguyÖn)
to court (®Ó kiÖn tông)
We go to hospital (ch÷a bÖnh)
to prison (®i tï)
to school / college/ university (®Ó häc)
T¬ng tù
in bed
at church
We can be in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoÆc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
leave school
We can leave hospital
be released from prison.
Víi môc ®Ých kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the.
VÝ dô:
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
Student go to the university for a class party.
Go to sea (thñy thñ ®i biÓn)
to be at the sea (hµnh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ ®i trªn biÓn)
Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : ®i t¾m biÓn, nghØ m¸t.
We can live by / near the sea.
Work (n¬i lµm viÖc) ®îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tríc.
Go to work.
nhng office l¹i ph¶i cã the.
Go to the office.
VÝ dô:
He is at / in the office.
NÕu to be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜa lµ ®ang gi÷ chøc.
To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chøc.
The cã thÓ bá ®i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊn cña ngêi nãi hoÆc cña chñ thÓ.
VÝ dô:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc ®Ých chÝnh lµ ®i mua hµng.
B¶ng dïng the vµ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Dïng the
|
Kh«ng dïng the
|
Tríc c¸c ®¹i d¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô:
The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes.
VÝ dô:
The Rockey Moutains.
Tríc tªn 1 vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trªn thÕ giíi hoÆc vò trô.
VÝ dô:
The earth, the moon, the Great Wall
Tríc School/college/university + of + noun
VÝ dô:
The University of Florida.
The college of Arts and Sciences.
Tríc c¸c sè thø tù + noun.
VÝ dô:
The first world war.
The third chapter.
Tríc c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn c¸c khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®îc tÝnh tõ ho¸.
VÝ dô:
The Korean war.
Tríc tªn c¸c níc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn. Ngo¹i trõ Great Britain.
VÝ dô:
The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic.
Tríc tªn c¸c níc ®îc coi lµ 1 quÇn ®¶o.
VÝ dô: The Philipin.
Tríc c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn mang tÝnh lÞch sö.
VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna Carta.
Tríc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè.
VÝ dô:
The Indians, the Aztecs.
Nªn dïng tríc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô.
VÝ dô:
To play the piano.
Tríc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ.
VÝ dô:
The applied Math.
The theoretical Physics.
|
Tríc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ýt).
VÝ dô:
Lake Geneva, Lake Erie
VÝ dô:
Mount Mckinley
Tríc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chïm sao
VÝ dô:
Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.
Tríc tªn c¸c trêng nµy khi tríc nã lµ 1 tªn riªng.
VÝ dô:
Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University.
Tríc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè ®Õm.
VÝ dô:
World war one
chapter three.
Kh«ng nªn dïng tríc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc nÕu tªn khu vùc ®Ó nguyªn.
Tríc tªn c¸c níc cã 1 tõ nh : Sweden, Venezuela vµ c¸c níc ®îc ®øng tríc bëi new hoÆc tÝnh tõ chØ ph¬ng híng.
VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa.
Tríc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tiÓu bang, tØnh, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn.
VÝ dô: Europe, California.
Tríc tªn bÊt cø m«n thÓ thao nµo.
VÝ dô:
Base ball, basket ball.
Tríc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝnh trõu tîng trõ nh÷ng trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness.
Tríc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung.
VÝ dô:
Mathematics, Sociology.
Tríc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt.
VÝ dô:
Christmas, thanksgiving.
|
Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn: |