C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa nhng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®îc
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Dïng vãi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc
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another + dt®2 sè it = 1 c¸i n÷a, 1 c¸i kh¸c, 1 ngêi n÷a, 1 ngêi kh¸c.
VÝ dô: another pencil
other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ngêi n÷a, mÊy ngêi kh¸c.
VÝ dô: other pencils = some more.
the other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i cuèi cïng, nh÷ng ngêi cuèi cïng cßn l¹i.
VÝ dô: the other pencils = all remaining pencils
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the other + dt ®2sè Ýt = ngêi cuèi cïng, c¸i cuèi cïng cña 1 bé, 1 nhãm.
other + dt kh«ng ®2 = 1 chót n÷a.
VÝ dô: other water = some more water.
other beer = some more beer.
the other + dt kh«ng ®2 = chç cßn sãt l¹i.
VÝ dô:
The other beer = the remaining beer. (chç bia cßn l¹i)
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- Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi the other lµ x¸c ®Þnh. NÕu danh tõ hoÆc chñ ng÷ ë trªn ®· ®îc hiÓu hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn, chØ cÇn dïng another vµ other nh 1 ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
I don’t want this book. Please give me another.
- NÕu danh tõ ®îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu th× other ®îc sö dông theo 1 trong 2 c¸ch (other + nouns hoÆc others) mµ kh«ng bao giê ®îc sö dông (others + DTSN).
- Cã thÓ dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones cho danh tõ sau another, the other vµ other.
Lu ý r»ng this vµ that cã thÓ dïng víi ®¹i tõ one nhng these vµ those tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng dïng víi ones.
C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
- Little + dt kh«ng ®Õm ®îc : rÊt Ýt, hÇu nh kh«ng.
VÝ dô:
There is little water in the bottle.
I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
- A little + dt kh«ng ®Õm ®îc: cã 1 chót, ®ñ ®Ó dïng.
VÝ dô:
I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.
- few + dt ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu : cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
She has few books, not enough for references.
- a few + dt ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu : cã mét Ýt, ®ñ ®Ó.
VÝ dô:
She has a few books, enough to read.
- NÕu danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë díi chØ cÇn dïng (a) few vµ (a) little nh 1 ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.
- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh¸ nhiÒu.
- only a few = only a little = cã rÊt Ýt ( nhÊn m¹nh).
Së h÷u c¸ch
The + noun’s + noun.
- ChØ ®îc dïng trong c¸c danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho bÊt ®éng vËt.
VÝ dô:
The student’s book.
The cat’s legs.
- NÕu cã 2 danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
Tom and Mark’s house.
- §èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s th× chØ cÇn ®Æt dÊu ‘ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
The students’ books.
- Nhng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ cã sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng cã s t¹i ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng nguyªn dÊu së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
The children’s toys.
- Nã ®îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m th¸ng, thÕ kû, thiªn niªn kû.)
VÝ dô:
The 1980’ events.
The 21 st century’s prospect.
- Nã ®îc dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m ngo¹i trõ mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu tøc lµ ta ®ang nh©n c¸ch ho¸ mïa ®ã.
VÝ dô:
The summer’s hot days.
The winter’s cold days.
The spring’s coming back = Nµng Xu©n ®ang trë vÒ.
The autunm’s leaving = sù ra ®i cña Nµng Thu.
Trêng hîp nµy hiÖn nay Ýt dïng. §èi víi mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ dïng trong 1 sè trêng hîp thËt ®Æc biÖt khi danh tõ ®ã n»m trong c¸c thµnh ng÷.
VÝ dô:
A stone’s throw.
- §«i khi ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc ®Þa ®iÓm chØ cÇn dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho danh tõ ®ã mµ kh«ng cÇn danh tõ theo sau.
VÝ dô:
At the hairdresser’s
At the butcher’s
Some, any
some vµ any nghÜa lµ “1 sè hoÆc 1 lîng nhÊt ®Þnh”. Chóng ®îc sö dông víi (hoÆc thay thÕ) c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu hoÆc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc.
+ Some lµ d¹ng sè nhiÒu cña a/an vµ one:
VÝ dô: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.
+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ ®¹i tõ riªng/ ®¹i tõ së h÷u.
VÝ dô: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.
Did any of your photos come out well?
+ some ®îc sö dông víi :
- C¸c ®éng tõ ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh.
VÝ dô:
They bought some honey.
- Trong c¸c c©u hái mµ cã c©u tr¶ lêi lµ ‘yes’.
VÝ dô:
Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngêi nãi chê ®îi c©u tr¶ lêi lµ yes)
- Trong c¸c c©u ®Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇu:
VÝ dô:
Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me?
+ any ®îc sö dông:
- Víi ®éng tõ ë thÓ phñ ®Þnh
VÝ dô:
I haven’t any matches.
- Víi hardly, barely, scarely ( c¸c phã tõ nµy ®Òu mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh)
VÝ dô:
I have hardly any spare time.
- Víi without khi without any ... = with no ...
VÝ dô:
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Víi c¸c c©u hái
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether c¸c thµnh ng÷ mang tÝnh nghi ngê.
VÝ dô:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.
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