C¸ch dïng c¸c thµnh ng÷ There is, there are
Thµnh ng÷ nµy chØ sù tån t¹i cña ngêi hoÆc vËt t¹i 1 n¬i nµo ®ã. Ph¶i ph©n biÖt chóng víi ®éng tõ to have.
T
chØ sù tån t¹i (existance)
here is
There are
To have chØ sù së h÷u (possession)
To possess (get, hold instinctively).
- Chñ ng÷ thËt cña thµnh ng÷ nµy ®i ®»ng sau ®éng tõ to be. NÕu danh tõ ®ã lµ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ chia ë sè nhiÒu vµ ngîc l¹i.
- Mäi biÕn ®æi vÒ thêi vµ thÓ ®Òu nh»m vµo ®éng tõ to be cßn ph©n tõ 2 th× dùa vµo trî ®éng tõ to have/ has been.
-
there is
there was + singular subject ...
there has been ( hoÆc non-count)
|
-
there are
there were + singular subject ...
there have been ( hoÆc non-count)
|
VÝ dô:
There is a storm approaching.
singular singular
There have been a number of telephone calls today.
Plural plural
There was an accident last night.
singular singular
There were too many people at the party.
Plural plural
There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.
Plural plural
There was water on the floor where he fell.
Plural non-count
§¹i tõ
§¹i tõ trong tiÕng Anh chia 5 lo¹i cã c¸c chøc n¨ng riªng biÖt.
§¹i tõ nh©n xng chñ ng÷ (Subject pronoun)
Gåm :
-
I we
you you
he they
she
it
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Chøc n¨ng:
- §øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ.
- §øng ®»ng sau ®éng tõ to be.
VÝ dô: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.
- §øng ®»ng sau c¸c phã tõ so s¸nh nh than, as. TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷ trong trêng hîp nµy.
VÝ dô: He is taller than I (am) - kh«ng ®îc dïng me.
She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.
- §èi víi c¸c ®¹i tõ nh©n xng chñ ng÷ nh we, you vµ ®¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷ nh us cã thÓ dïng 1 danh tõ sè nhiÒu ngay sau ®ã.
VÝ dô: We students, you teachers, us workers.
C¸c ®¹i tõ nh all, both cã thÓ ®îc dïng theo lèi nµy víi c¸c ng«i sè nhiÒu.
we
you all/ both
they
VÝ dô:
I am going to the store.
We have lived here for twenty years.
It was she who called you. (sau ®éng tõ be)
George and I would like to leave now.
We students are going to have a party.
§¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷
-
me us
you you
him them
her
it
|
- nã ®øng ngay sau ®éng tõ hoÆc c¸c giíi tõ lµm nhiÖm vô cña mét t©n ng÷.
- ®èi víi c¸c ng«i ®¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷ ë sè nhiÒu cã thÓ dïng all hoÆc both ngay sau ®ã.
us
you all / both
them
VÝ dô:
They called us on the phone.
complement
The teacher gave him a bad grade.
complement
John told her a story.
complement
The policeman was looking for him.
sau giíi tõ
To us, it seems like a good bargain
sau giíi tõ
Lu ý: Nªn nhí r»ng nhiÒu giíi tõ cã thÓ cã chøc n¨ng nh c¸c thµnh phÇn kh¸c trong c©u, ch¼ng h¹n nh phã tõ hoÆc liªn tõ. V× vËy, ta cÇn ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh c¸c xem chóng ®ãng vai trß g× - cÇn dùa vµo ng÷ c¶nh chø kh«ng ph¶i dùa vµo sù hiÓu biÕt b×nh thêng vÒ chøc n¨ng cña chóng.
VÝ dô:
Janet will make her presentation after him.
preposition complement pronoun
Janet will make her presentation after he finishes his speech.
conjunction subject pronoun
clause
( mét mÖnh ®Ò (clause) gåm 1 chñ ng÷ vµ 1 ®éng tõ. Trong mÖnh ®Ò trªn, he lµ chñ ng÷ vµ finishes lµ ®éng tõ).
TÝnh tõ së h÷u
-
my our
your your
his
her their
its
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- Nã ®øng ngay tríc danh tõ vµ chØ sù së h÷u cña ngêi hoÆc vËt ®èi víi danh tõ ®øng ®»ng sau.
VÝ dô:
John is eating his dinner.
This is not my book.
The cat has injured its foot.
The boy broke his arm yesterday..
She forgot her homework this morning.
My food is cold.
Lu ý: Its kh¸c víi It’s. It’s cã nghÜa lµ it is hoÆc it has.
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