NGỮ pháp liệt kê Ghi chú
Tõ ®i tríc ®Ó giíi thiÖu
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- Điều hướng trang này:
- §¹i tõ nh©n xng one vµ you
- C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô
- V+ing më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô
Tõ ®i tríc ®Ó giíi thiÖuTrong mét c©u cã 2 thµnh phÇn nÕu mét trong 2 thµnh phÇn ®ã cã dïng ®Õn ®¹i tõ nh©n xng dï lµ bÊt cø lo¹i ®¹i tõ nµo th× ë mÖnh ®Ò cßn l¹i ph¶i cã mét danh tõ giíi thiÖu cho nã. Danh tõ giíi thiÖu ph¶i hîp víi ®¹i tõ ®ã vÒ gièng (®ùc, c¸i), sè ( Ýt nhiÒu). ChØ ®îc phÐp cã mét danh tõ ®i giíi thiÖu cho ®¹i tõ, nÕu cã 2 sÏ g©y nªn nhÇm lÉn. C¸c vÝ dô vÒ ®¹i tõ kh«ng cã tiÒn sö: C©u sai: Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load. (Trong c©u nµy ®¹i tõ nh©n xng they kh«ng cã tiÒn sö trong c©u. Graduate school lµ mét ®¬n vÞ sè Ýt, vµ c¸c thµnh viªn trong khoa cña nã kh«ng ®îc ®Ò cËp tíi.) C©u ®óng: The members of the admissions committee denied Henry admission to graduate school bexause they did not believe that he could handle the work load. (Trong c©u nµy, they ¸m chØ c¸c thµnh viªn cña uû ban.) HoÆc lµ
Henry was denied admission to graduate school because the members of the admissions committee did not believe that he could handle the work load. C©u sai : George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt. (§¹i tõ they kh«ng cã tiÒn sö trong c©u nµy. Politics lµ sè it, v× vËy they kh«ng thÓ ¸m chØ tíi nã.) C©u ®óng: George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are corrupt. HoÆc lµ
George dislikes pliticians because he believes that they are corrupt. C¸c vÝ dô vÒ ®¹i tõ cã tiÒn sö kh«ng râ rµng: C©u sai : Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report. (Kh«ng râ rµng lµ he ¸m chØ tíi Mr. Brown hay Mr. Adams.) C©u ®óng : According to Mr.Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report. HoÆc lµ Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all night. C©u sai : Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation. (§¹i tõ she cã thÓ ¸m chØ tíi c¶ Janet lÉn b¹n cña c« Êy) C©u ®óng : While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.
§¹i tõ nh©n xng one vµ youC¶ 2 ®¹i tõ nµy ®Òu mang nghÜa ngêi ta nhng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c nhau. - NÕu ë trªn ®· dïng tíi ®¹i tõ one th× c¸c ®¹i tõ t¬ng øng ë díi còng ph¶i lµ one, one’s hoÆc he, his. VÝ dô: If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail. If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail. One should always do one’s homework. One should always do his homework.
NÕu ë trªn ®· sö dông ®¹i tõ you th× c¸c ®¹i tõ t¬ng øng ë díi ph¶i lµ you hoÆc your.
VÝ dô:
If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail. You should always do your homework. TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng one vµ you lÉn lén. C¸c vÝ dô vÒ c©u sai: If one takes this exam without studying, you are likely to fail. Ng«i thø 3 Ng«i thø 2 If one takes this exam without studying, they are likely to fail. Sè Ýt Sè nhiÒu C¸c vÝ dô bæ trî cho c¶ 2 d¹ng: One should never tell his secrets to a gossip if he wishes them to remain secret. You should always look both ways before you cross the street. If one’s knowledge of English is complete, he will be able to pass TOEFL. If you do not want your test scores reported, you must request that they be canceled.
C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phôTrong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn chung mét chñ ng÷ ngêi ta cã thÓ sö dông: ph©n tõ 1 (Verbing) më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó cho 2 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song, hoÆc ph©n tõ 2 më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô (chØ bÞ ®éng), hoÆc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô ( chØ môc ®Ých) vµ ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó chØ sù t¬ng øng. Lu ý: Khi sö dông lo¹i c©u nµy cÇn hÕt søc lu ý r»ng chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ®ång thêi còng lµ chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô. VÝ dô:
Incorrect: After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man. (Ta hiÓu chñ ng÷ thËt cña ®éng tõ jumping lµ the man; nh vËy, ngay sau dÊu phÈy ta ph¶i ®Ò cËp tíi the man.) Correct : After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
V+ing më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phôTh«ng thêng cã 5 giíi tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô ®øng tríc Ving ®ã lµ: By : b»ng c¸ch, bëi after, upon : sau khi before : tríc khi while : trong khi when : khi VÝ dô: After preparing the dinner, Michelle will read a book. = After Michelle finishes preparing the dinner, he will read a book. By working a ten-hour day four days, we can have a long weekend. Because we work a ten-hour day four days, we can have a long weekend. While reviewing for the test, Marcia realised that she had forgotten to study the use of participal phrases. = While Marcia was reviewing for the test, she realised that she had forgotten to study the use of participal phrases. NÕu being hoÆc having më ®Çu c©u phô th× ®»ng tríc chóng Èn giíi tõ because. VÝ dô: Having a terrible toothache, Felipe had to call his dentist for an appointment. = Because Felipe had a terrible toothache, he had to call his dentist for an appointment. NÕu muèn dïng phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tríc verbing sau giíi tõ (xem c«ng thøc).
Nªn nhí r»ng thêi cña hµnh ®éng ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh thêi cña hµnh ®éng ë mÖnh ®Ò phô. Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc (c«ng thøc trªn). VÝ dô: HiÖn t¹i: Practicing her swing everyday, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf instructor. Qu¸ khø : Having a terrible toothache, Felipe called the dentist for an appointment. T¬ng lai : Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow morning. Trong trêng hîp hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lÉn mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Òu x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø mµ hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh th× c«ng thøc sÏ lµ:
§»ng tríc cã Èn 2 giíi tõ because vµ after, viÖc hiÓu 2 giíi tõ nµy tuú thuéc vµo ng÷ c¶nh cña c©u. VÝ dô:
(After the boys had finihed their supper, they went out to play.) Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher. (After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.) Not having read the book, she could not answer the question. (Because she had not read the book, she could not answer the question.) NÕu hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ë thÓ bÞ ®éng th× c«ng thøc sÏ lµ:
VÝ dô:
Having been notified by the court, Melissa reported for jury duty. (After Melissa had been notified, she reported for jury duty.) Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting flight. (After we had been delayed by the snowstorm, we missed the connecting flight.) Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, George arrived late. (Because George had not been notified of the change in meeting times, he arrived late.) Каталог: resources resources -> HƯỚng dẫn sử DỤng tài liệU Ôn tập thi thpt quốc gia môN: tiếng anh resources -> KHỔ giấY, kiểu trình bày và ĐỊnh lề trang văn bảN a Khổ giấy resources -> THỦ TƯỚng chính phủ CỘng hoà XÃ HỘi chủ nghĩa việt nam resources -> CỦa chính phủ SỐ 01/2003/NĐ-cp ngàY 09 tháng 01 NĂM 2003 resources -> Nghị ĐỊnh của chính phủ SỐ 205/2004/NĐ-cp ngàY 14 tháng 12 NĂM 2004 quy đỊnh hệ thống thang lưƠNG, BẢng lưƠng và chế ĐỘ phụ CẤp lưƠng trong các công ty nhà NƯỚC resources -> CHÍnh phủ Cộng hoà xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam Độc lập Tự do Hạnh phúc resources -> QuyếT ĐỊnh của bộ TÀi chính số 32/2008/QĐ-btc ngàY 29 tháng 05 NĂM 2008 VỀ việc ban hành chế ĐỘ quản lý, TÍnh hao mòN resources -> Ban tổ chức số 09-hd/btctw đẢng cộng sản việt nam tải về 1.38 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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