10
L
L
A
A
N
N
G
G
U
U
A
A
G
G
E
E
A
A
N
N
D
D
C
C
U
U
L
L
T
T
U
U
R
R
E
E
The first step towards an examination of the processes of translation
must be to accept that although translation has a central core of
linguistic activity, it belongs most properly to semiotics, the science that
studies sign systems or structures, sign processes and sign functions
(Hawkes, Structuralism and Semiotics, London 1977). Beyond the
notion stressed by the narrowly linguistic approach, that translation
involves the transfer of “meaning” contained in one set of language
signs into another set of language signs through competent use of the
dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extra -
linguistic criteria also.
Edward Sapir claims that “language is a guide to social reality” and that
human beings are at the mercy of the language that has become the
medium of expression for their society. Experience, he asserts, is
largely determined by the language habits of the community, and each
separate structure represents a separate reality:
“No two language are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as
representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different
societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world, with
different labels attached.”
Sapir’s thesis, endorsed later by Benjamin Lee Whorf, is related to the
more recent view advanced by the Soviet semiotician, Juri Lotman, that
language is a modeling system. Lotman describes literature and art in
general as secondary modeling systems, as an indication of the fact that
they are derived from the primary modeling system of language, and
declares as firmly as Sapir or Whorf that “No language can exist unless
it is steeped in the context of culture; and no culture of natural
language.” Language, then, is the heart within the body of culture, and it
is the interaction between the two that results in the continuation of life -
energy. In the same way that the surgeon, operating on the heart, can
not neglect the body that surrounds it, so the translator treats the text in
isolation from the culture at his peril.
From Approaches to Translation by Peter Newmark