Shanghai foreign language education press

GLOSSARY
283
CULTURAL EQUIVALENT: A cultural word translated by a cultural word. e.g. hac hv ""A"
level'. Always approximate. CULTURE: Ohjects, processes, institutions, customs Jdeas 
peculiar to one group of people. '
CURRENCY
:
The status of a word, idiom or syntactic structure at 
the period of writing' SL
orTL\ either within or outside the context, as exemplified first in its frequency of use,
and also in its degree of novelty, validity and obsolescence. ■ A more comprehensive
account is offered hv 
STATUS
'q.v. i. 
DEICTIC WORD
:
A word indicating time or space like a 
pronoun: e.g. 'the', this', 'my',
'your', 'here', 'there*, •
DELETE
,
'
DELETION
;
Means 
l
omit, don't translate', "DICTIONARY 
WORD
:
A word only found in f usually bilingual i dictionaries and therefore to
be avoided by translators. "
EMPTY 
VERB: !a) A verb such as 
l
do', 
l
give' ''an 
order)/deliver':a speech), 'take' (action:,
collocated with a verb-noun, to which it gives greater force; (b) any verb that can he
deleted in translation (see "
HOUSE
-
ON
-
HILL
'
CONSTRUCTION 
). "EPONYM: Any word 
derived from a proper name. 
EQUATIVE 
or 
EQUATIONAL VERB 
or 
COPULA
:
A verb that expresses 
equivalence or change,
such as 'be\ 'seem', 'become
1
, 'grow', 
l
turn\ 
L
get\ which has adjective or noun
complements. FALSE FRIEND or FAL'X AMI: An SL word that has the same or similar 
form but another
meaning in the TL; therefore a deceptive cognate. "
FUNCTIONAL TRANSLATION
:
A simple 
natural translation that clarifies the purpose and
meaning of the SL passage [in the best sense, a 'paraphrase'). GENERAL 
WORD
:
A noun, 
verb, or adjective with a wide referential range, e.g.,
l
thing', 'do',
'good', 'development', 'affair
1
, 'business', phenomene, element, GRAECO-
LATIN ISM
:
A 
modem word derived from a combination of Latin and/or ancient
Greek words. 
GRAMMATICAL 
(or 
FUNCTIONAL
)
WORD
:
A word indicating relations, e.g. a 
preposition,
pronoun, connective, a 
PRE
-
NOUN 
(q.v.), a 
DEICTIC WORD 
(q.
V
.).
A component of a
limited or 'closed' language system, that includes or excludes 'grey area' words such as
'in respect oi\ dans ie cadre de^ 'to the point that', etc, 
GROUP
,
also called 
PHRASE
:
A 
constitueni part of a clause or a sentence; there are noun
groups ('a (nice) lad'), verb groups ('went to see', 'would have done'), adverbial groups
('extremely well
1
, 'in the morning
1
). Groups initiated with a preposition, like the last
example, are often called 'prepositional groups'. *
l
HOUSE
-
ON 
-
HILL
'
CONSTRUCTION
:
An SL 
structure that uses an 
EMPTY VERB 
(q, v,), usually
a participle or an adjectival clause, or a preposition to qualify a noun, usually
translated into English by 'noun plus preposition plus noun' (examples on p. 87). *HOUSE-STYLE or 
FORMAT: The conventions of format peculiar to a publication or a publisher, including titling or 
sub-titling, punctuation, capitalisation, spelling, footnotes,
length of paragraphs, dates, illustrations, arrangement. •'ICEBERG*: All the work involved 
in translating, of which only the 'tip' shows. 'INTENSlFIERs; Adverbs or adjectives used, usually 
in cliched collocations, to intensify or
stress meaning: e.g. 'totally
1
, 'highly', 'incredible', 'deeply', 'immensely'.
'profoundly'. Often deleted in natural usage. 
INTERFERENCE
:
Literal translation from SL or a 
third language that does not give the right
or required sense (see 
TRANSLATIONESE
).
INTERNATIONALISM
:
Strictly a word that keeps the 
same meaning and the same form in
many languages, therefore normally a technical term. (Concept-words such as
'liberalism' could be described as 'pseudo-internationalisms'.) 
JARGON
:
Here used in the 
sense of overblown and pretentious groups and words, e.g.

284
GLOSSARY
Graeco-latinisms with double or triple suffixes or multi-noun compounds used unnecessarily to 
replace simple words- not in its other sense of 'technical Language
1
. 
LEXICAL WORD
:
A 
descriptive word referring to objects, events or qualities, usually a noun,
verb, adjective or adverb. Unlimited fan 'open
1
set) in number in any language. LEXIS: The 
sum of'lexical words
1
in a language. 
METALANGUAGE
:
Language used to describe language about 
language, or to exemplify one of
its features (cf. metalingual^ 
METAPHOR
:
A word or phrase applied to an object, action or 
quality which it does noi
literally denote, in order to describe it more accurately or vividly - a degree ot
resemblance is therefore implied. "MODULATION: A translation procedure converting 
SL double negative to TL positive or
vice versa, qualifying a verb, adjective or adverb (e,g. 'not unmindful
1
—* 'mindful
1
1.
The procedure is available as an option for any clause, though'in principle' (i.e. out of
context) it produces either a stronger or a weaker TL equivalent. 
MORPHEME
:
A minimal 
unit of language that has meaning. Includes roots, prefixes.
suffixes and inflections landings'). 
NEGATIVE
:
Lexically, a word used in an unfavourable 
or pejorative or disparaging sense; a
'snarl' word. NEOLOGISM: A newly formed word or an old word in a new sense. 
NO
-
EQUIVALENT WORD
:
An SL word for which there is no clear one- (word) to one- ■ word
equivalent in the TL, that shows up a lexical gap in the TL. Often has no cognate in
theTL. Often translated, after componential analysis, into two or more TL words. 
NOUN
COMPOUND: The combination of two or more nouns, usually unhyphenated,
referring to one concept. 
NOUN 
GROUP
:
See 
GROUP
,
ONE
-
TO
-
ONE
:
One word translated by one word. 
OVER
-
TRANSLATION
:
A translation that gives 
more detail than its correspondng SL unit.
Often a more specific word. 
PHATIC LANGUAGE
:
Used to establish social contact and to express 
sociability with interlocutors or readers rather than referential meaning. All communication has a 
phatic
element, 'PHATICISM: (neolog): A standard phatic phrase. P
OSITIVE
:
Used in a 
favourable, approving 'ameliorative' sense (opposed to 'negative* A
'purr
1
word. 
POTENTIAL
:
Possible or latent, of meaning, only out of context, as opposed to 
'actual* in
context. 
PRAGMATIC
:
Affecting the readership; the communicative, emotive element in 
language, as
opposed to the referential, informative element (cf. the contrast between 
l
mind' and
'reality
1
)- The two elements are always present in language, but in varying degree.
(Note that 'pragmatic' has other senses.) •pRE'NOUN: All the functional or grammatical 
words that are used to qualify a noun, e.g.
articles, deictic and possessive adjectives, 'other', 'some
1
, etc. REFERENT: The object, 
event or quality that a word denotes in the context of an utterance. REGISTER: A variety of 
'social
1
language at one period, characterised by a particular degree
of formality, emot.onal tone, difficulty, dialect and social class; occasionally by other
factors such as age and sex. ROMANCE
LANGUAGES
:
Portuguese, Spanish
(Catalan, Castilian), French, Italian,
Romansh, Romanian. •'
SACRED
1
TEXT
:
(contrast with 'anonymous' text): An authoritative 
or expressive text
where the manner is as important as the matter,

GLOSSARY
285
'
SETTING
:
The place where the SL text appears and the TL text is likely to appear: i.e.
name of periodical, publisher, type of client, etc. The setting dictates the 
HOUSE
-
STYLE
fq.v.l 
SL 
[
SOURCE LANGUAGES 
The language of the text that is to be or has been translated. 
"
STATUS 
i.of a construction, idiom or wordV A more comprehensive term than 
CURRENCY
fq.v.j; a complete statement for the translator, including frequency, acceptance.
milieu, degree of formality, techmcahtv, emotional tone, favourableness fpositive/
negative', likely future - in and outside the context! SUJi-TKXT: The thought under the test, 
sometimes in contradiction to what is stated : 'subtext* appears to be an actor's term popularised by 
the translator and biographer of
Ibsen and Chekhov, Michael Meyer. A dangerous concept. Every translator likes to
think he has just occasionally translated what the author meant rather than what he
wrote. II TARGET LANGUAGE;: The language of 
the translated text.
TOPIC: Always used in the sense of the subject-matter or area of knowledge of a text. 
TRANSFERENCE resiled '
TRANSCRIPTION
'in Newnwk, I98L: The transfer of an SI. word
or lexical unit into the TL text, as a translation procedure. 
TRANSLATIONF
.
SE
sometimes 
called '
TRANSI
.
ATORF
.
SE
1
 
\: A literal translation that does not
produce the appropriate sense. Usually due to 
INTERFERENCE 
rq.vO it the TL is not the
translator's language of habitual use, or to automatic acceptance of dictionary
meanings. •
TRANSPARENT
:
An SI. word whose meaning *shines through' in the TL, owing 
to its form.
etymology, etc. Therefore usually a non-Jaux ami. a faithful friend. Used also ol SL
compounds whose components translate literally into the TL, sometimes referred to
as semamically motivated words. TRANSPOSITION ^or SH1FI I; A change of grammar 
in the translation from SL to TL. 'UNDERLIE?: The personal qualities and private life of a writer 
that can be deduced from a
close reading of the SL text. UNDER-
TRANSLATION
:
Where the translation gives less 
detail and is more general than the
original. Most translations are under-rranslations, but their degree of under-transla
tion is too high. *
UNFINDARI
,
E
J
WORD: A word that cannot be found in a reference book 
or be identified by an
informant. UNIT OF TRANSLATION fUT'i: The smallest segment of an SL text which 
can be translated, as
a whole, in isolation from other segments. It normally ranges from The word through
the collocation to the clause. It could be described as ^as small as is possible and as large
as is neeessarv' 'this is my v i e w , though some translators would say thai it is a
misleading concept, since the only UT is the whole text. 
VERBAL ADJECTIVE
:
An adjective 
derived from a verb, with the force of a verb: e.g.
'responsible
1
, 'dependent
1
, 'helping'. VERB-NOUN: /VERBAL NOUN\ DE
VERBA
I
' ) :
A noun formed from a verb, e.g. establish-
mcm\ 'promotion', 'progress', 'cry
1
, laugh
1
. Often collocated with an 
EMPTY VERB 
(q,vA One 
verb-noun sometimes indicates state or process, active or passive, or a concrete object: thus 
five possible meanings. Animate verb-nouns i e.g. 'eater*' ma\ have no one-to-one 
equivalents in other languages.

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