C©u phñ ®Þnh
§Ó thµnh lËp c©u phñ ®Þnh ngêi ta ®Æt not vµo sau ®éng tõ to be, trî ®éng tõ to do cña ®éng tõ thêng, vµ c¸c trî ®éng tõ cña ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp.
- §Æt any ®»ng tríc danh tõ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh cho phñ ®Þnh.
- Trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh cho danh tõ ®»ng sau bÞ phñ ®Þnh, ngêi ta ®Ó ®éng tõ ë nguyªn thÓ vµ ®Æt no tríc danh tõ. ( no = not at all).
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VÝ dô:
It’s really unbelievable that he has no money.
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Nagative + comparative = Superlative
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VÝ dô:
Professor Baker couldn’t be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful.
We couldn’t have gone to the beach on a better day. Tøc lµ: Today is the best day to go to the beach.
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Nagative ..., much less + noun.
(kh«ng mµ l¹i cµng kh«ng)
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VÝ dô:
He didn’t like to read novels, much less text books.
It’s really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall, much less live to tell about it on TV.
Mét sè phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh, khi ®· dïng nã trong c©u tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng phñ ®Þnh cña ®éng tõ n÷a.
VÝ dô:
Hardly
Scarcely HÇu nh kh«ng ( Almost no)
Barely
Hardly ever
Rarely HÇu nh kh«ng bao giê ( almost never).
Seldom
C«ng thøc dïng víi c¸c phã tõ trªn.
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Lu ý: Barely vµ scarcely ®«i khi mang nghÜa võa ®ñ, võa so¹n (just enough). Ph¶i c¨n cø theo ng÷ c¶nh cña c©u hoÆc c¸c c©u tr¶ lêi díi phÇn nghe ®Ó t×m ra nghÜa ®óng.
VÝ dô:
He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.
(Nã võa ®ñ tiÒn ®Ó tr¶ häc phÝ vµ kh«ng cßn xu nµo c¶.)
MÖnh lÖnh thøc
Chia lµm 2 lo¹i trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp.
MÖnh lÖnh thøc trùc tiÕp.
MÖnh lÖnh thøc trùc tiÕp lµ c©u mµ mét ngêi ra lÖnh cho mét ngêi kh¸c lµm viÖc g× ®ã. Nã cã thÓ cã please ®i tríc. Chñ ng÷ ®îc hiÓu lµ you. Sö dông d¹ng ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ (Nguyªn thÓ bá to).
VÝ dô:
Close the door. Open the window.
Leave the room. Pay your rent.
Please turn off the light. Be quiet.
D¹ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc phñ ®Þnh ®îc thµnh lËp nhê céng thªm don’t tríc ®éng tõ.
Don’t close the door.
Please don’t turn off the light.
Don’t open the window, please.
( Please cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u mÖnh lÖnh thøc lµm cho c©u trë nªn lÞch sù h¬n).
MÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.
Thêng dïng víi 4 ®éng tõ sau:
to order
t
to do something.
not to do something
smb
o ask
to tell
to say
VÝ dô:
John told Mary to close the door.
Jack asked Jill to turn off the light.
The teacher told Christopher to open the window.
Please tell Jaime to leave the room.
John ordered Bill to close his book.
The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet.
Lu ý:
§u«i cña Let’s ...., shall we.
VÝ dô:
Let’s go out for lunch, shall we?
Kh¸c víi let us trong c©u mÖnh lÖnh thøc.
VÝ dô:
Let’s go now (chóng ta ®i th«i) kh¸c víi Let us go, please. ( xin h·y ®Ó cho chóng t«i ®i)
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt.
Së dÜ gäi lµ nh vËy v× ®éng tõ nµy mang nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh nh sau:
- Kh«ng cã tiÓu tõ to ®»ng tríc.
- §éng tõ nµo ®i sau nã còng ph¶i bá to.
- Kh«ng bao giê 2 ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®i cïng víi nhau, nÕu cã th× b¾t buéc ®éng tõ thø 2 ph¶i chuyÓn sang mét d¹ng kh¸c.
VÝ dô:
Will have to
must
Will be able to
can
Will be allowed to
may
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®îc sö dông víi c¸c chøc n¨ng sau:
DiÔn ®¹t thêi t¬ng lai. DiÔn ®¹t c©u ®iÒu kiÖn. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
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Will/shall
If + Subject + simple present + subject + + [verb in simple form]
can/ may
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VÝ dô:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
If you try more, you will improve your English.
We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten o’clock now.
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If + subject + simple present tense + subject + ... + simple present tense
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MÉu c©u nµy cßn ®îc dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ mét thãi quen.
VÝ dô:
If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the afternoon (kh«ng cã ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu.)
John usually walks to school if he has enough time.
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If + Subject + simple present tense ... + command form* ...
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* Nªn nhí r»ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc ë d¹ng ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ. ( simple form)
MÉu c©u trªn cã nghÜa lµ nhê ai, ra lÖnh cho ai lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.
Please call me if you hear from Jane.
§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
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Would/should
If + Subject + simple past + subject + + verb in simple form
could/ might
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VÝ dô:
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house
( but now I don’t have enough money.)
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
(but I don’t have the time.) ( I’m not going to the beach with you.)
He would tell you about it if he were here.
( he won’t tell you about it.) ( He is not here).
If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him.
(He speaks very quickly.) (You can’t understand him.)
Lu ý:
§éng tõ to be sau if ë mÉu c©u nµy ph¶i chia lµm were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.
I... they were.
VÝ dô:
If I were you, I wouldn’t do such a thing.
(but I’m not you.)
§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë thêi qu¸ khø.
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Would/should
If + Subject + past perfect + subject + + have + P2
could / might
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VÝ dô:
If we hadn’t lost the way we could have been here in time.
(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(We didn’t know that you were there.) ( we didn’t write you a letter.)
She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
(She didn’t sell the house.) (She didn’t find the right buyer.)
If we hadn’t lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
(We lost our way.) (we didn’t arrive early.)
C©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo ®óng c«ng thøc trªn, trong mét sè trêng hîp 1 vÕ cña c©u ®iÒu kiÖn ë qu¸ khø cßn mét vÕ l¹i ë hiÖn t¹i do thêi gian cña tõng mÖnh ®Ò quy ®Þnh.
VÝ dô:
If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.
Lu ý:
Trong mét sè trêng hîp ë c©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë thêi qu¸ khø, ngêi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o had lªn ®Çu c©u nhng ý nghÜa vÉn gi÷ nguyªn.
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Had + subject + [verb in past participle ]...
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VÝ dô:
Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
Hadn’t we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
C¸c c¸ch dïng ®Æc biÖt cña Will, would vµ sould trong c¸c mÖnh ®Ò if
Th«ng thêng nh÷ng ®éng tõ nµy kh«ng ®îc dïng ®»ng sau if nhng nÕu ®îc dïng nã sÏ mang ý nghÜa sau:
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Thêng ®îc dïng trong c¸c yªu cÇu lÞch sù ( Would lÞch sù h¬n)
VÝ dô:
If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.
(NÕu c« vui lßng chê mét chót, t«i sÏ xem liÖu «ng John cã ë ®©y kh«ng.)
I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.
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If you could + verb in simple form.
NÕu «ng vui lßng - Ngßi nãi cho r»ng ngêi kia sÏ ®ång ý nh mét lÏ tÊt nhiªn
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VÝ dô:
If you could fill in this form.
If you could open your books.
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If + subject + will / would.
NÕu ... chÞu - DiÔn ®¹t ý tù nguyÖn
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VÝ dô:
If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.
NÕu nã chÞu nghe theo lêi t«i th× t«i cã thÓ gióp nã.
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If + subject + will.
DiÔn t¶ sù ngoan cè.
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VÝ dô:
If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.
NÕu cËu mµ cø häc tiÕng Anh theo c¸ch nµy th× trît kú thi TOFEL ch¾c ch¾n ®ang chê ®ãn cËu.
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DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng dï rÊt cã thÓ ®îc song kh¶ n¨ng rÊt Ýt vµ khi nãi ngêi nãi kh«ng tin lµ sù viÖc l¹i cã thÓ x¶y ra.
VÝ dô:
If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.
NÕu anh kh«ng biÕt c¸ch sö dông chiÕc tivi nµy, h·y gäi ®iÖn cho t«i sè m¸y nµy. (Nãi vËy nhng ngêi nãi kh«ng cho r»ng lµ anh ta l¹i kh«ng biÕt sö dông chiÕc tivi ®ã.)
If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
(Ngêi thÇy kh«ng cho r»ng cËu häc sinh l¹i kh«ng lµm ®îc nh÷ng bµi tËp ®ã - v× chóng rÊt dÔ hoÆc cËu häc trß rÊt th«ng minh)
- Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o should lªn ®Çu c©u mµ ng÷ nghÜa kh«ng thay ®æi.
VÝ dô:
Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that spring is near.
NÕu trêi cã nhiÒu m©y vµ bÇu trêi x¸m xÞt th× ngêi ta cho lµ con sãc ®Êt sÏ ®i lang thang kiÕm ¨n - ®ã lµ dÊu hiÖu cña mïa Xu©n ®ang tíi gÇn. Thùc ra, khi sö dông cÊu tróc nµy th× t¸c gi¶ cho r»ng khi con sãc ®Êt chui ra th× rÊt hiÕm khi trêi l¹i cã nhiÒu m©y vµ bÇu trêi l¹i x¸m l¹i - cã thÓ lµ do kÕt qu¶ thèng kª.
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