Mao tu bat dinh 1/ a ®øng tríc mét phô m hoÆc mét nguyªn m(o,y,e,u,a) cã m lµ phô m. VÝ dô: a
§éng tõ nguyªn mÉu + ing ---> HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ
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- Điều hướng trang này:
- Breathed
- Kh¸i niÖm vÒ D¹ng thô ®éng My father bought these two houses in 1972
- These two houses were bought by my father in 1972
- Chñ tõ + §éng tõ To Be + Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ.
- Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp
| §éng tõ nguyªn mÉu + ing ---> HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (Xem thªm Phô lôc)
VÝ dô : Find + ing ---> Finding Work + ing ---> Working Read + ing ---> Reading C«ng dông 1. T¹oTh× liªn tiÕn (Continuous Tense). VÝ dô : - He is working (Anh ta ®ang lµm viÖc) - At that time, theywere sleeping (Khi Êy, hä ®ang ngñ)
- Boiling water (Níc s«i) - Extenuating circumstances (T×nh tiÕt gi¶m téi) - Alternating current (Dßng ®iÖn xoay chiÒu) - Convincing arguments (Lý lÏ ®ñ søc thuyÕt phôc)
- I have just read a document concerning Chinese acupuncture (T«i võa míi ®äc mét tµi liÖu vÒ thuËt ch©m cøu cña Trung Hoa) - There were three of us, not counting the driver (Chóng ta cã ba ngêi, kh«ng kÓ ngêi l¸i xe)
- We heard someone sobbing downstairs (Chóng t«i nghe ai ®ã ®ang khãc nøc në ë tÇng díi) - Did you see himentering the first-aid ward? (Anh cã thÊy h¾n ®i vµo khu cÊp cøu hay kh«ng?) - She watched the childrencrossing the road (C« ta xem lò trÎ b¨ng qua ®êng) - I feel somethingcrawling up my neck (T«i c¶m thÊy c¸i g× ®ã bß lªn cæ t«i) - The boy cried hurriedly for help because he had smelt something burning (§øa bÐ véi vµng kªu cøu v× ngöi thÊy mïi khÐt)
- I am sorry to keep youwaiting (T«i rÊt tiÕc lµ ®· b¾t b¹n ph¶i chê ®îi) - Why did you leave herstanding outside in the downpour? (Sao anh l¹i ®Ó c« ta ®øng bªn ngoµi trong lóc trêi ma xèi x¶?) - They found a corpse lying face down in a pool of blood (Hä thÊy mét x¸c chÕt n»m óp mÆt xuèng vòng m¸u) - How did you catch themseeing pornographic films? (B»ng c¸ch nµo anh b¾t ®îc chóng ®ang xem phim khiªu d©m?)
- We shall goswimming /hunting /fishing /shopping tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, chóng t«i sÏ ®i b¬i/s¨n/c©u/mua s¾m) - Let's spend more time learning English (Ta h·y dµnh thªm thêi giê häc tiÕng Anh) - This moneyed merchant spent a lot of moneykeeping a dancing-girl (Tay l¸i bu«n giµu cã nµy ®· tèn nhiÒu tiÒn ®Ó bao mét c« g¸i nh¶y) - They wasted a whole month seeking employment in this remote village (Hä phÝ c¶ mét th¸ng trêi ®Ó t×m viÖc lµm ë c¸i lµng hÎo l¸nh nµy) - She's busydoing the ironing (C« ta ®ang bËn lµ quÇn ¸o)
- A law which prohibits the export of raw materials = A law prohibiting the export of raw materials (Mét ®¹o luËt cÊm xuÊt khÈu nguyªn liÖu) - American scientists who visited Great Wall of China = American scientists visiting Great Wall of China (C¸c nhµ khoa häc Hoa Kú ®Õn th¨m V¹n Lý Trêng Thµnh cña Trung Hoa) 8. a) Khi mét chñ tõ thùc hiÖn hai hµnh ®éng gÇn nh ®ång thêi víi nhau, ta cã thÓ dïng hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ diÔn ®¹t mét trong hai hµnh ®éng Êy. VÝ dô - The man stooped down and kissed his children good night (Ngêi ®µn «ng cói xuèng vµ h«n chóc c¸c con ngñ ngon) = The man stooped down, kissing his children good night (Ngêi ®µn «ng cói xuèng, h«n chóc c¸c con ngñ ngon). - She thought about the homeless and burst out crying (C« ta nghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng kÎ lang thang vµ bËt khãc) = Thinking about the homeless, she burst out crying (NghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng kÎ lang thang, c« ta bËt khãc). - Minister of Health addressed the nationwide medical conference and appreciated local health centers' encouraging achievements (Bé trëng y tÕ ph¸t biÓu t¹i héi nghÞ y häc toµn quèc, vµ ®¸nh gi¸ cao thµnh tÝch ®¸ng khÝch lÖ cña c¸c trung t©m y tÕ ®Þa ph¬ng) = Addressing the nationwide medical conference, Minister of Health appreciated local health centers' encouraging achievements (Ph¸t biÓu t¹i héi nghÞ y häc toµn quèc, Bé trëng y tÕ ®¸nh gi¸ cao thµnh tÝch ®¸ng khÝch lÖ cña c¸c trung t©m y tÕ ®Þa ph¬ng). b) Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t ®Çu b»ng After (sau khi) hoÆc As / Since / Because (V×, do).
- He went to work in Paris after he had graduated in law at Oxford (Anh ta sang Pari lµm viÖc sau khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt trêng Oxford) = Having graduated in law at Oxford, he went to work in Paris (Sau khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt trêng Oxford, anh ta sang Pari lµm viÖc). - As we believed that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the conversation (V× tin r»ng anh ta giái tiÕng §an M¹ch, c¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu nãi tiÕng §an M¹ch trong buæi chuyÖn trß) = Believing that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the conversation (Tin r»ng anh ta giái tiÕng §an M¹ch, c¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu nãi tiÕng §an M¹ch trong buæi chuyÖn trß). §Æc biÖt
QUA KHU PHAN TU H×nh thøc §èi víi ®éng tõ cã quy t¾c, Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm ed vµo nguyªn mÉu (hoÆc thªm d nÕu nguyªn mÉu tËn cïng b»ng e). VÝ dô : Start + ed ---> Started Help + ed ---> Helped Breathe + d ---> Breathed Pledge + d ---> Pledged
C«ng dông 1. §ãng vai trß TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt vµ thêng mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng. VÝ dô: - An injured leg (Mét c¸i ch©n bÞ th¬ng) - Stolen money (TiÒn bÞ ®¸nh c¾p) - Lost property (§å ®¹c bÞ thÊt l¹c) - Restricted development (Sù ph¸t triÓn cã giíi h¹n)
- I have lived here for three years (T«i ®· sèng ë ®©y ba n¨m) - He left home after his mother had turned off the lights (Nã ra khái nhµ sau khi mÑ nã t¾t ®Ìn) - I should have invited them home (LÏ ra t«i ®· mêi hä ®Õn nhµ ch¬i)
- Their trip was delayed by a traffic jam (ChuyÕn ®i cña hä bÞ trÔ do mét vô t¾c nghÏn giao th«ng) - This bag is used to contain paddy (C¸i bao nµy ®îc dïng ®Ó ®ùng thãc)
- We visited a village that had been devastated by war and famine (Chóng t«i viÕng th¨m mét x· tõng bÞ chiÕn tranh vµ n¹n ®ãi tµn ph¸) = We visited a village devastated by war and famine. - Those who had been considered responsible for this entrance examination were dismissed (Nh÷ng kÎ ®îc xem lµ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh nµy ®· bÞ ®uæi viÖc) = Those considered responsible for this entrance examination were dismissed.
- Besieged by the police on every side, both drug traffickers killed themselves in an uninhabited house (BÞ c¶nh s¸t bao v©y tø phÝa, c¶ hai kÎ bu«n ma tóy ®· tù s¸t trong mét ng«i nhµ hoang) - Seen from the hill, the palace looks quite magnificent (Nh×n tõ trªn ®åi xuèng, l©u ®µi tr«ng thËt tr¸ng lÖ). - The two leaders came in, followed by an escort armed to the teeth (Hai nhµ l·nh ®¹o bíc vµo, theo sau lµ mét ®éi hé tèng vò trang ®Õn tËn r¨ng) - All deputies had been warned about the order of the day and got ready for lively discussions in the meeting hall (TÊt c¶ c¸c ®¹i biÓu ®Òu ®· ®îc b¸o tríc vÒ ch¬ng tr×nh nghÞ sù vµ s½n sµng th¶o luËn s«i næi t¹i héi trêng) = Having been warned about the order of the day, all deputies got ready for lively discussions in the meeting hall (Do ®îc b¸o tríc vÒ ch¬ng tr×nh nghÞ sù, tÊt c¶ c¸c ®¹i biÓu ®Òu s½n sµng th¶o luËn s«i næi t¹i héi trêng). - Whencooked properly, sausages will make a fine meal (Khi ®îc nÊu ®óng c¸ch, xóc xÝch sÏ lµm nªn mét b÷a ¨n tuyÖt vêi) - Though seriouslywounded , he managed to crawl back to his camp (Dï bÞ th¬ng nÆng, anh ta vÉn bß ®îc vÒ ®Õn tr¹i) - Why didn't you have your haircut ? (T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng nhê ai c¾t tãc? = T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng ®i c¾t tãc?) - We're having our carrepaired (Chóng t«i ®ang nhê söa chiÕc xe l¹i = Chóng t«i ®ang cho söa chiÕc xe l¹i) - Jack had his pocket picked (Jack bÞ mãc tói) - They want the parcel delivered immediately (Hä muèn gãi hµng ®îc ph©n ph¸t ngay tøc kh¾c) DANG THU DONG
Ch¼ng h¹n,These trees are planted in South America (C¸c c©y nµy ®îc trång t¹i Nam Mü) hoÆc The streets will be swept every day (§êng phè sÏ ®îc quÐt dän mçi ngµy). Lu ý
- Columbus discovered America in 1492 (Columbus t×m ra ch©u Mü n¨m 1492) --> America was discovered by Columbus in 1492 (Ch©u Mü ®îc Columbus ph¸t hiÖn n¨m 1492) - The court martialwill sentence him to death (Toµ ¸n qu©n sù sÏ kÕt ¸n tö h×nh h¾n) ---> He will be sentenced to death by the court martial (H¾n sÏ bÞ toµ ¸n qu©n sù kÕt ¸n tö h×nh) - American specialists are repairing this airplane (C¸c chuyªn viªn Hoa Kú ®ang söa chiÕc m¸y bay nµy) ---> This airplane is being repaired by American specialists (ChiÕc m¸y bay nµy ®ang ®îc c¸c chuyªn viªn Hoa Kú söa) - He said that the local authorities would investigate these scandals (¤ng ta nãi r»ng chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph¬ng sÏ ®iÒu tra nh÷ng vô bª bèi nµy) ---> He said that these scandals would be investigated by the local authorities (¤ng ta nãi r»ng nh÷ng vô bª bèi nµy sÏ ®îc chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph¬ng ®iÒu tra). VÝ dô minh ho¹ 1) You may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't park your car there (Anh ®îc phÐp/cã thÓ /ph¶i/nªn/nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç xe ë ®ã) ---> Your car may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't be parked there (Xe cña anh ®îc phÐp/cã thÓ/ph¶i/nªn/ nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç ë ®ã). 2) She should have / needn't have parked her car in the car-park (LÏ ra c« ta nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç xe trong b·i ®ç xe) ---> Her car should have / needn't have been parked in the car-park (LÏ ra xe cña c« ta nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç trong b·i ®ç xe) 3) Someone offered him a cigarettes (Ai ®ã mêi h¾n mét ®iÕu thuèc) ---> He was offered a cigarette (H¾n ®îc mêi mét ®iÕu thuèc). 4) The boy gave the girl a bouquet of roses hoÆc The boy gave a bouquet of roses to the girl (Ngêi con trai tÆng ngêi con g¸i mét bã hoa hång) ---> The girl was given a bouquet of roses by the boy (Ngêi con g¸i ®îc ngêi con trai tÆng mét bã hoa hång) hoÆc The bouquet of roses was given to the girl by the boy (Bã hoa hång ®îc ngêi con trai tÆng ngêi con g¸i). 5) Thay v× The pane of glass was broken (¤ cöa kÝnh bÞ vì), ta cã thÓ nãi The pane of glass got broken . 6) Thay v× One sells these English - Chinese dictionaries everywhere (Ngêi ta b¸n nh÷ng tù ®iÓn Anh - Hoa nµy kh¾p n¬i), ta nªn nãi These English - Chinese dictionaries are sold everywhere (Nh÷ng tù ®iÓn Anh - Hoa nµy ®îc b¸n kh¾p n¬i). 7) Thay v× People use English all over the world (Ngêi ta sö dông tiÕng Anh trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi), ta nªn nãi English is used all over the world (TiÕng Anh ®îc sö dông trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi).
9) Last night, a lorry ran over a street-sweeper (§ªm qua, mét chiÕc xe t¶i ®· c¸n mét ngêi quÐt ®êng) ---> Last night, a street-sweeper was run over by a lorry (§ªm qua, mét ngêi quÐt ®êng ®· bÞ mét chiÕc xe t¶i c¸n ph¶i). 10) They told me that.... (Ngêi ta nãi víi t«i r»ng ...) ---> I was told that ... (T«i nghe nãi r»ng ...). 11) His answer is acknowledged to be true (C©u tr¶ lêi cña anh ta ®îc thõa nhËn lµ ®óng) 12) She is presumed to be innocent until she is proved guilty (C« ta ®îc suy ®o¸n lµ v« téi ®Õn khi nµo ngêi ta chøng minh ®îc r»ng c« ta cã téi) 13) This fortune-teller was believed to be a swindler (G· thÇy bãi nµy bÞ cho lµ lõa ®¶o) 14) His age is estimated to be about 50 (Tuæi cña «ng ta ®îc íc tÝnh lµ kho¶ng 50) 15) This billionaire was thought to be one of the richest men in Africa (Nhµ tØ phó nµy ®îc cho lµ mét trong nh÷ng ngêi giµu nhÊt ch©u Phi) 16) Visitors are kindly requested not to smoke in the pagoda (§Ò nghÞ kh¸ch tham quan kh«ng hót thuèc trong chïa) 17) You're supposed to keep it carefully (B¹n ph¶i gi÷ c¸i ®ã thËt kü 18) It was widely supposed to have been lost during the tempest (C¸i ®ã bÞ mäi ngêi cho lµ ®· thÊt l¹c trong c¬n b·o) 19) Their family is supposed to be living abroad (Gia ®×nh hä ®îc cho lµ ®ang sèng ë níc ngoµi) 20) It was said that he was crazy about football (Ngêi ta nãi r»ng h¾n si mª bãng ®¸) hoÆc He was said to be crazy about football (H¾n bÞ nãi lµ si mª bãng ®¸).
NHUNG DIEU LUU Y
VÝ dô : - She says : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She says that they are waiting outside (C« ta nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi). - She has just said : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta võa míi nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She has just said that they are waiting outside (C« ta võa míi nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi). - She will say : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta sÏ nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") --->She will say that they are waiting outside (C« ta sÏ nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi).
VÝ dô : - She said , "They are waiting outside" (C« ta nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She said that they were waiting outside (C« ta nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi). - She said , "They will understand it" (C« ta nãi : "Hä sÏ hiÓu ®iÒu ®ã") ---> She said that they would understand it (C« ta nãi r»ng hä sÏ hiÓu ®iÒu ®ã). - She said , "I never smoke" (C« ta nãi : "T«i ch¼ng bao giê hót thuèc") ---> She said that she never smoked (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ch¼ng bao giê hót thuèc). - She said , "I have lived here for five years" (C« ta nãi : "T«i sèng ë ®©y ®· n¨m n¨m") ---> She said that she had lived there for five years (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta sèng ë ®ã ®· n¨m n¨m). - She said , "My grandfather died five years ago" (C« ta nãi : "¤ng t«i mÊt c¸ch ®©y n¨m n¨m") ---> She said that her grandfather had died five years before (C« ta nãi r»ng «ng cña c« ta ®· mÊt tríc ®ã n¨m n¨m). - They said , "We have just heard from our teacher" (Hä nãi : "Chóng t«i võa nhËn ®îc tin thÇy chóng t«i") ---> They said that they had just heard from their teacher (Hä nãi r»ng hä võa nhËn ®îc tin thÇy hä). §Æc biÖt §èi víi sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn kh«ng bao giê thay ®æi, ®éng tõ trong lêi nãi trùc tiÕp ë Th× nµo ¾t ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ë Th× nÊy. Ch¼ng h¹n, He said, "The earth revolves round the sun" (Anh ta nãi : "Qu¶ ®Êt quay quanh mÆt trêi") ---> He said that the earth revolves round the sun (Anh ta nãi r»ng qu¶ ®Êt quay quanh mÆt trêi). 3/ BiÕn ®æi tõ ng÷ khi chuyÓn sang Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp Trùc tiÕp Gi¸n tiÕp Today (H«m nay) That day (H«m ®ã) Yesterday (H«m qua) The day before (H«m tríc ®ã) The day before yesterday (H«m kia) Two days before (Hai h«m tríc ®ã) Tomorrow (Ngµy mai) The next day / The following day (H«m sau) The day after tomorrow (Ngµy mèt) Two days later (Hai h«m sau) This morning (S¸ng nay) That morning (S¸ng h«m Êy) This afternoon (ChiÒu nay) That afternoon (ChiÒu h«m Êy) Tonight (§ªm nay) That night (§ªm Êy) Yesterday morning (S¸ng h«m qua) The morning before / The previous morning (S¸ng h«m tríc ®ã) Yesterday afternoon (ChiÒu h«m qua) The afternoon before / The previous afternoon (ChiÒu h«m tríc ®ã) Last night (§ªm h«m qua) The night before / The previous night (§ªm tríc ®ã) Last Saturday (Thø b¶y võa qua) The Saturday before / The previous Saturday (Thø b¶y tríc ®ã) Next Saturday (Thø b¶y tíi) The next Saturday (Thø b¶y sau ®ã) Last week (TuÇn råi) The previous week (TuÇn tríc) Last year (N¨m råi) The previous year (N¨m tríc) A year ago (C¸ch ®©y mét n¨m) A year before (Tríc ®ã mét n¨m) Next week (TuÇn tíi) The following week (TuÇn sau ®ã) Next year (N¨m tíi) The following year (N¨m sau ®ã) Nowadays (Thêi nay) In those days (Thêi Êy) Now (B©y giê) Then (Khi Êy), At that time (Khi Êy) Ago (Tríc ®©y) Before, earlier (Tríc ®ã) Here (™ ®©y) There (™ ®ã) This (...nµy) That (... Êy) These (Nh÷ng...nµy) Those (Nh÷ng ... Êy) I (T«i) He / She (Anh ta/c« ta) We (Chóng t«i) They (Hä) My (... cña t«i) His / Her (...cña anh ta/... cña c« ta) Our (... cña chóng t«i) Their (... cña hä) Shall Should (nÕu ®éng tõ têng thuËt ë Th× qu¸ khø) Will Would (®éng tõ ë Th× qu¸ khø) Can (Cã thÓ) Could May (Cã thÓ) Might Must (Ph¶i) Must, Had to VÝ dô : - " Many Italian tourists will come here tomorrow ", said the hotel manager (Gi¸m ®èc kh¸ch s¹n nãi : "Ngµy mai, nhiÒu du kh¸ch sÏ ®Õn ®©y") ---> The hotel manager said that many Italian tourists would come there the following day (Gi¸m ®èc kh¸ch s¹n nãi r»ng h«m sau, nhiÒu du kh¸ch sÏ ®Õn ®ã). - "I finished reading this story-book the day before yesterday", he said (Anh ta nãi : "H«m kia, t«i ®· ®äc xong quyÓn truyÖn nµy ") ---> He said that he had finished reading that story-book two days before (Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta ®· ®äc xong quyÓn truyÖn Êy hai h«m tríc ®ã).
- My vÉn lµ My vµ I vÉn lµ I , nÕu ngêi nãi tù thuËt lêi cña m×nh. Ch¼ng h¹n, I said : "I lost my key yesterday" (T«i nãi : "H«m qua t«i mÊt ch×a kho¸") ---> I said that I had lost my key the day before (T«i nãi r»ng h«m tríc ®ã t«i mÊt ch×a kho¸). T¬ng tù, Our vÉn lµ Our vµ We vÉn lµ We , nÕu ngêi nãi tù thuËt lêi cña m×nh. Ch¼ng h¹n, We said : "We shall meet our family at the airport " (Chóng t«i nãi : "Chóng t«i sÏ ®ãn gia ®×nh chóng t«i t¹i s©n bay") ---> We said that we should meet our family at the airport (Chóng t«i nãi r»ng chóng t«i sÏ ®ãn gia ®×nh chóng t«i t¹i s©n bay). - NÕu lêi nãi trùc tiÕp vµ lêi thuËt l¹i ®îc ph¸t ra cïng mét ngµy th× khái cÇn ®æi tõ ng÷ vÒ thêi gian nh trªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, This morning, she said : "I'll go to church today" (S¸ng nay, c« ta nãi : "H«m nay, t«i sÏ ®i nhµ thê ")---> This morning, she said that she would go to church today (S¸ng nay, c« ta nãi r»ng h«m nay c« ta sÏ ®i lÔ) TUONG THUAT CAU HOI CAU MENH LENH ChuyÓn tõ c©u hái trùc tiÕp sang c©u hái gi¸n tiÕp
VÝ dô : - " Who are they speaking to?", she asked (C« ta hái : "Hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai vËy?") ----> She asked who they were speaking to (C« ta hái hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai). - " Who phoned me up yesterday morning?", he inquired (H¾n hái : " Ai gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho t«i s¸ng h«m qua?") ---> He inquired who had phoned him up the previous morning (H¾n hái ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho h¾n s¸ng h«m tríc ®ã). - " What happened last night?", he wondered (H¾n th¾c m¾c : "§iÒu g× ®· x¶y ra ®ªm qua?") ---> He wondered what had happened the night before (H¾n th¾c m¾c kh«ng biÕt ®iÒu g× ®· x¶y ra ®ªm tríc ®ã).
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