Mao tu bat dinh 1/ a ®øng tr­íc mét phô m hoÆc mét nguyªn m(o,y,e,u,a) cã m lµ phô m. VÝ dô: a

- This is their apartment hoÆc This (apartment) is theirs

(§©y lµ c¨n hé cña hä hoÆc C¨n hé nµy lµ cña hä )

- You're using my telephone. Where's yours ?

(Anh ®ang dïng m¸y ®iÖn tho¹i cña t«i. C¸i cña anh ®©u?)

• 
  ... of mine nghÜa lµ One of my ... (mét... cña t«i).
  

- A friend of mine = one of my friends (mét ng­êi b¹n cña t«i)

- A teacher of hers = one of her teachers (mét ng­êi thÇy cña c« Êy)
DAI TU BAT DINH

• 
  TÝnh tõ bÊt ®Þnh:
  

- There's only one piece of cake left (ChØ cßn l¹i mét mÈu b¸nh)

- This mendicant is blind in both eyes (Ng­êi ¨n xin nµy mï c¶ hai m¾t)

- A ring on each finger (Mét c¸i nhÉn trªn mçi ngãn tay)

- Take either half, they are exactly the same

(H·y lÊy nöa nµy hoÆc nöa kia, c¶ hai ®Òu b»ng nhau)

- Neither boy was present (C¶ hai ®øa bÐ ®Òu kh«ng cã mÆt)

- I have read this book several times (T«i ®· ®äc quyÓn s¸ch nµy nhiÒu lÇn)

- All dogs are animals, but not all animals are dogs

(TÊt c¶ c¸c con chã ®Òu lµ ®éng vËt, nh­ng kh«ng ph¶i tÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng vËt ®Òu lµ chã)

- The buses go every ten minutes (Cø mçi m­êi phót l¹i cã chuyÕn xe bóyt)

- I have a lot of bread, but I haven't much butter

(T«i cã nhiÒu b¸nh m×, nh­ng t«i ch¼ng cã nhiÒu b¬)

- There are many spelling mistakes in this newspaper (Tê b¸o nµy cã nhiÒu lçi chÝnh t¶)

- There's some ice in the fridge (Cã mét Ýt ®¸ trong tñ l¹nh)

- You may come here at any time (B¹n cã thÓ ®Õn ®ã bÊt cø lóc nµo)

- I have little time for watching TV (T«i cã Ýt thêi gian ®Ó xem TV)

- Give me a little sugar (H·y cho t«i mét Ýt ®­êng)

- There were few people at his funeral (Cã Ýt ng­êi dù ®¸m tang «ng ta)

- The jailer asked us a few questions (Viªn cai ngôc hái chóng t«i vµi c©u)

- We have enough food for two weeks' holiday (Chóng t«i cã ®ñ thùc phÈm cho kú nghØ hai tuÇn)

- No words can express my homesickness (Kh«ng lêi nµo diÔn t¶ ®­îc nçi nhí nhµ cña t«i)

- Would you like another cup of tea? (¤ng muèn dïng mét t¸ch trµ n÷a kh«ng?)

- Where are the other students? (C¸c sinh viªn kh¸c ®ang ë ®©u?)

• 
  §¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh
  

- We both want to go hunting (C¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu muèn ®i s¨n)

- He gave the boys five dollars each (¤ng ta cho mçi ®øa bÐ 5 ®« la)

- I've bought two cakes - you can have either

(T«i ®· mua hai c¸i b¸nh - anh cã thÓ lÊy mét trong hai c¸i ®ã)

- I chose neither of them (T«i kh«ng chän c¸i nµo trong hai c¸i ®ã c¶)

- Several of us decided to walk (NhiÒu ng­êi trong chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i bé)

- We had several loaves left - All (of them) were crisp

(Chóng t«i cßn nhiÒu æ b¸nh m× - TÊt c¶ (c¸c æ b¸nh m× ®ã) ®Òu gißn)

- Everybody goes to church (Mäi ng­êi ®Òu ®i nhµ thê)

- I'll give you everything I have (T«i sÏ cho b¹n mäi thø mµ t«i cã)

- Nobody came to see me (Kh«ng ai ®Õn th¨m t«i)

- None of them wants to stay (Kh«ng ng­êi nµo trong bän hä muèn ë l¹i)

- I have nothing to eat (T«i ch¼ng cã g× ®Ó ¨n c¶)

- Ask anyone in your room (H·y hái bÊt cø ai trong phßng b¹n)

- Did you know many of them? (B¹n cã biÕt nhiÒu ng­êi trong bän hä kh«ng?)

- As a student, she has much to learn (Lµ sinh viªn, c« ta cã nhiÒu ®iÒu cÇn ph¶i häc hái)

- How many loaves do you want? - A lot (B¹n cÇn bao nhiªu æ b¸nh m×? - NhiÒu l¾m)

- Do you need more money? - No, there's plenty in the safe (¤ng cÇn thªm tiÒn n÷a kh«ng? -

Kh«ng, vÉn cßn nhiÒu trong kÐt s¾t)

- I agree to some of what you said (T«i ®ång ý víi phÇn nµo nh÷ng ®iÒu b¹n nãi)

- He doesn't like any of these flowers (H¾n kh«ng thÝch bÊt cø hoa nµo trong nh÷ng hoa nµy)

- I can understand little of what he said (T«i hiÓu ®­îc chót Ýt nh÷ng ®iÒu h¾n nãi)

- If you've got any spare sugar, could you give me a little?

(NÕu b¹n cßn ®­êng, b¹n cho t«i mét Ýt ®­îc kh«ng?)

- Is this sum of money enough for their business trip?

(Sè tiÒn nµy ®ñ cho chuyÕn c«ng t¸c cña hä hay kh«ng?)

- Many are called, but few are chosen (NhiÒu ng­êi ®­îc gäi ®Õn, nh­ng Ýt ng­êi ®­îc chän)

- My father has written many historical novels, but I've only read a few (of them)

(Bè t«i ®· viÕt nhiÒu tiÓu thuyÕt lÞch sö, nh­ng t«i chØ míi ®äc vµi quyÓn (trong sè ®ã))

- We must help others less fortunate than ourselves

(Chóng ta ph¶i gióp ®ì nh÷ng ng­êi kh¸c kÐm may m¾n h¬n chóng ta)

- This shirt is too big; I'll try another (C¸i ¸o s¬ mi nµy to qu¸; t«i sÏ thö mét c¸i kh¸c)
L­u ý

• 
  Much (tÝnh tõ) ®øng tr­íc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc , Much (®¹i tõ) thay chodanh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc . Much còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ I didn't enjoy that comedy (very) much (T«i kh«ng thÝch vë hµi nµy l¾m) hoÆc She's much better today (H«m nay c« ta kh¸ h¬n nhiÒu).
  
• 
  Much ph¶n nghÜa víi Little.
  
• 
  Many (tÝnh tõ) ®øng tr­íc danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc , Many (®¹i tõ) thay cho danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc . Many ph¶n nghÜa víi Few.
  
• 
  Little còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ vµ tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt. Ch¼ng h¹n, I slept very little last night
  
• 
  (§ªm qua, t«i ngñ rÊt Ýt) [Phã tõ] vµLittle holes to let air in (Nh÷ng lç nhá ®Ó kh«ng khÝ vµo) (TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt).
  
• 
  A little còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ They are a little worried about the next entrance examination (Hä h¬i lo vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh s¾p tíi).
  
• 
  Enough còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ You aren't old enough to join the army (B¹n ch­a ®ñ tuæi ®Ó gia nhËp qu©n ®éi)
  

DAI TU QUAN HE

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cho ®å vËt Which Which Whose/Of which

That That

• 
  Trong tiÕng Anh chÝnh thøc, Whom thay cho Who khi Who kh«ng ph¶i lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Are you the witness whom/that the police are looking for? (Anh cã ph¶i lµ nh©n chøng mµ c¶nh s¸t ®ang t×m hay kh«ng?)
  
• 
  Trong v¨n nãi, ng­êi ta th­êng l­îc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ khi ®¹i tõ nµy lµ tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Isn't that the shirt (which/that) you wore? (§ã kh«ng ph¶i c¸i ¸o s¬ mi mµ b¹n ®· mÆc chø?), That's the stone (that) he broke the window with (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ mµ nhê ®ã h¾n ®Ëp vì cöa sæ). Tuy nhiªn, kh«ng thÓ l­îc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ nÕu ®¹i tõ nµy lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The mason who stands with arms akimbo is closely related to my driver (Ng­êi thî nÒ ®øng chèng n¹nh cã quan hÖ hä hµng gÇn víi tµi xÕ cña t«i), She's the girl who/that broke my heart (C« ta chÝnh lµ c« g¸i lµm t«i ®au khæ), That's the stone which/that broke the window (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ lµm vì cöa sæ).
  
• 
  Whose lµ së h÷u c¸ch cña Who vµ ®«i khi cña c¶ Which.
  

- This is the girl. Her father is a policeman (§©y lµ c« g¸i. Cha c« ta lµ c¶nh s¸t viªn) --> This

is the girl whose father is a policeman (§©y lµ c« g¸i mµ cha lµ c¶nh s¸t viªn).

- This is the steel tube. Its inner walls are rusty (§©y lµ èng thÐp. C¸c v¸ch bªn trong nã bÞ rØ)

--> This is the steel tube whose inner walls are rusty (§©y lµ èng thÐp mµ c¸c v¸ch bªn trong bÞ rØ).
MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ (Relative clauses)
a) MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh (Defining relative clauses) lµ mÖnh ®Ò x¸c ®Þnh ng­êi hoÆc vËt võa ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn tr­íc ®ã. Ch¼ng h¹n, ta cã c©u The man who told me the news refused my invitation to dinner (Ng­êi ®µn «ng b¸o tin cho t«i ®· tõ chèi lêi mêi ¨n tèi cña t«i). Trong c©u nµy, who told me the news lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. NÕu bá mÖnh ®Ò nµy, ng­êi ®µn «ng mµ chóng ta ®ang nãi ®Õn sÏ kh«ng râ rµng. TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®Æt dÊu phÈy gi÷a danh tõ vµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh.

VÝ dô:

- We're looking for someone (who) we can rely on

(Chóng t«i ®ang t×m ng­êi mµ chóng t«i cã thÓ tin cËy)

- The novel is about a young man who falls in love with .. ..

(TiÓu thuyÕt nãi vÒ mét chµng trai ph¶i lßng .. ..)

- These are the children (that) I looked after last summer

(§©y lµ nh÷ng ®øa trÎ mµ t«i ®· tr«ng nom mïa hÌ võa qua)

- The clothes that are on the floor are dirty

(QuÇn ¸o trªn sµn nhµ lµ quÇn ¸o bÈn)

- Read the passage to which I referred in my talk

(H·y ®äc ®o¹n mµ t«i nh¾c ®Õn trong cuéc nãi chuyÖn)

- A house which overlooks the park will cost more

(Nhµ nh×n ra c«ng viªn sÏ ®¾t tiÒn h¬n)

- The roof on which I was standing collapsed suddenly (M¸i nhµ mµ t«i ®ang ®øng trªn

®ã bçng nhiªn ®æ sËp) = The roof which I was standing on collapsed suddenly = The roof I was standing on collapsed suddenly.
§Æc biÖt

• 
  Thay v× The first scientist who discovers/discovered this principle (Nhµ khoa häc ®Çu tiªn t×m ra nguyªn lý nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The first scientist to discover this principle.
  
• 
  Thay v× The only one who understands/understood this equation (Ng­êi duy nhÊt hiÓu ®­îc ph­¬ng tr×nh nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The only one to understand this equation .
  
• 
  hay v× Employees who work overtime will be entitled to extra pay (Nh©n viªn lµm thªm ngoµi giê sÏ ®­îc h­ëng tiÒn phô tréi), ta cã thÓ nãi Employees working overtime will be entitled to extra pay .
  
• 
  Thay v× A decision which enables investors to expand their business (Mét quyÕt ®Þnh
  
• 
  cho phÐp giíi ®Çu t­ khuÕch tr­¬ng viÖc lµm ¨n cña hä), ta cã thÓ nãi A decision enabling
  
• 
  investors to expand their business.
  

b) MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh (Non-defining relative clauses) nãi râ thªm vÒ ng­êi hoÆc vËt ®· ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh. Kh¸c víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh, mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®­îc ph©n c¸ch b»ng dÊu phÈy vµ kh«ng thÓ bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ. Kh¸c víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh, mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh kh«ng ph¶i lµ thµnh phÇn cèt yÕu cña c©u vµ cã thÓ lo¹i bá mµ ch¼ng ¶nh h­ëng g×. §Æc biÖt lµ kh«ng dïng That thay cho Which ®Ó më ®Çu mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh th­êng dïng trong v¨n viÕt h¬n lµ v¨n nãi.

- My boss, who is very superstitious , always believes in ghosts (¤ng chñ cña t«i, ng­êi

rÊt mª tÝn dÞ ®oan, lu«n lu«n tin lµ cã ma)

- This letter is from my father-in-law, whom you met last week at the airport (Bøc th­ nµy

lµ cña bè vî t«i, ng­êi mµ anh ®· gÆp tuÇn råi ë s©n bay).

- Mrs Hoa, to whom we are speaking , owns a well-known supermarket in this city (Bµ

Hoa, ng­êi mµ chóng t«i ®ang nãi chuyÖn, lµ chñ mét siªu thÞ næi tiÕng ë thµnh phè nµy)

- My sister gave me this shirt, which she had sewed herself

(ChÞ t«i cho t«i c¸i ¸o s¬ mi nµy, c¸i ¸o mµ chÞ ®· tù tay may)

- That house, which I bought ten years ago , is still solid.

(C¨n nhµ Êy, c¨n nhµ mµ t«i mua c¸ch ®©y 10 n¨m, vÉn cßn

v÷ng ch¾c)

- Their hotel, whose staff are very helpful, is an example to all other hotels (Kh¸ch s¹n

cña hä, n¬i nh©n viªn phôc vô rÊt ®¾c lùc, lµ mét tÊm g­¬ng cho tÊt c¶ c¸c kh¸ch s¹n kh¸c

noi theo)

Nãi thªm vÒ What vµ Which

• 
  What còng cã nghÜa lµ "Nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ/Nh÷ng g× mµ".
  

- We studywhat our teacher teaches us (Chóng ta häc nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ thÇy gi¸o d¹y chóng ta).

• 
  Which còng cã nghÜa lµ "§iÒu ®ã".
  

- He said he had no money to go home, which was really absurd

(Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta kh«ng cã tiÒn ®Ó vÒ nhµ, ®iÒu ®ã hÕt søc v« lý)

- Our car broke down suddenly, which made our journey less exciting

(Xe chóng t«i bÞ háng ®ét xuÊt, ®iÒu ®ã khiÕn cuéc hµnh tr×nh cña chóng t«i bít phÇn hµo høng)
DAI TU VA TINH TU CHI DINH

1/ TÝnh tõ chØ ®Þnh (demonstrative adjectives) thay ®æi theo sè cña danh tõ.

VÝ dô:

- That boy is very agile

(CËu bÐ Êy rÊt lanh lîi)

(C¸c du kh¸ch nµy ®Õn tõ NhËt B¶n)

- What does this word mean?

(Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?)

(Nh÷ng æ b¸nh m× Êy dµnh cho b÷a ¨n ngoµi trêi)

- At that time, she was singing her child to sleep

(Lóc Êy, c« ta ®ang ru con ngñ)

(§©y lµ phßng cña t«i. Kia lµ cña c« ta)

(§©y lµ nh÷ng mµu t­¬i. Kia lµ nh÷ng mµu sÉm)

- This is còng cã thÓ dïng ®Ó giíi thiÖu.

VÝ dô:

-Ba (to An): This is my sister Hoa.

(Ba nãi víi An: §©y lµ Hoa, em g¸i t«i)

- Ba (to Hoa): Hoa, this is An.

(Ba nãi víi Hoa: Hoa, ®©y lµ An)

• 
  Those cã thÓ cã mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh theo sau:
  

- Those who don't want to come there will stay at home.

(Ai kh«ng muèn ®Õn ®ã th× ë nhµ)

• 
  This/That cã thÓ chØ mét danh tõ, côm tõ hay mét mÖnh ®Ò ®· ®­îc ®Ò cËp tr­íc:
  

- We are binding books. We do this every day.

(Chóng t«i ®ang ®ãng s¸ch. Ngµy nµo chóng t«i còng lµm viÖc nµy)

- He avowed his faults. Wasn't that a praiseworthy behaviour?

(Anh ta nhËn lçi cña m×nh. §ã kh«ng ph¶i lµ lèi xö sù ®¸ng khen sao?)
3/ This/These, That/Those dïng víi one/ones

Kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i cã one/ones theo sau c¸c tõ chØ ®Þnh nãi trªn, trõ phi sau This, that ... lµ mét tÝnh tõ.

- This shirt is too tight. I'll wear that (one )

(C¸i ¸o s¬mi nµy chËt qu¸. T«i sÏ mÆc c¸i kia)

I like this red one /these red ones.

(T«i thÝch c¸i mµu ®á nµy/nh÷ng c¸i mµu ®á nµy)

The former & The latter

• 
  The former = Ng­êi thø nhÊt, vËt thø nhÊt (trong hai ng­êi, trong hai vËt)
  
• 
  The latter = Ng­êi thø hai, vËt thø hai (trong hai ng­êi, trong hai vËt)
  

- I have two French friends, the former is an engineer and the latter is a lawyer

(T«i cã hai ng­êi b¹n Ph¸p, ng­êi thø nhÊt lµ kü s­ vµ ng­êi thø hai lµ luËt s­)

- If I had to choose between wealth and peacefulness, I'd prefer the latter

(NÕu ph¶i chän gi÷a sù giµu sang vµ sù thanh nhµn, t«i thÝch c¸i thø hai h¬n)

GIOI TU

Giíi tõ lµ mét tõ (At, Between, In, On, Under...) hoÆc nhãm tõ (Apart from, In front of, Instead of, On account of...) ®øng tr­íc danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ, thêi gian, c¸ch thøc... Còng cã tr­êng hîp hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ ®­îc dïng lµm giíi tõ (Considering, Following, Regarding, Concerning...).

- The murderer is to be shot at dawn (KÎ giÕt ng­êi sÏ bÞ xö b¾n lóc b×nh minh)

- B comes between A and C in the English alphabet

(B ®øng gi÷a A vµ C trong b¶ng ch÷ c¸i tiÕng Anh)

- A country in Europe (Mét n­íc ë ch©u ¢u)

- Dirty marks on the ceiling (VÕt bÈn trªn trÇn nhµ)

- The water flows under the bridge (N­íc ch¶y d­íi cÇu)

- We sometimes drink lemonade instead of coffee

(§«i khi chóng t«i uèng n­íc chanh thay cho cµ phª)

- Apart from her nose, this actress looks very glamorous

(Ngoµi c¸i mòi ra, n÷ diÔn viªn nµy tr«ng rÊt quyÕn rò)

- Decision concerning the export of timber (QuyÕt ®Þnh vÒ viÖc xuÊt khÈu gç)

VI TRI CUA GIOI TU

a) Tr­íc danh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Our boat was rocked by the waves (ThuyÒn cña chóng t«i bÞ sãng ®¸nh l¾c l­), The earth moves round the sun (Tr¸i ®Êt chuyÓn ®éng quanh mÆt trêi).

b) Tr­íc ®¹i tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, An obese man stood in front of her (Mét g· bÐo phÞ ®øng tr­íc mÆt c« ta), Your name comes after mine on the list (Tªn b¹n ®øng sau tªn t«i trªn danh s¸ch), The policeman to whom she was speaking (Viªn c¶nh s¸t mµ c« ta ®ang nãi chuyÖn), About whom are you thinking? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ ®Õn ai vËy?) .

c) Tr­íc danh ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Why don't you help me instead of just standing there? (T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng gióp t«i thay v× ®øng ng©y ra ®ã?), He is always forward in helping others (Anh ta lu«n sèt s¾ng gióp ®ì ng­êi kh¸c).

d) Sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The boy asked for more money (CËu bÐ xin thªm tiÒn), I have thought about this very carefully (T«i ®· suy nghÜ rÊt kü vÒ viÖc nµy).

e) Sau tÝnh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, He was very good to me when I was ill (Anh ta rÊt tèt víi t«i khi t«i bÖnh), New York is famous for its skyscrapers (New York næi tiÕng nhê nh÷ng toµ nhµ chäc trêi).

f) Sau danh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, They attached very great importance to the program (Hä rÊt coi träng ch­¬ng tr×nh nµy), My teacher is known for excellence in all forms of sport (ThÇy t«i næi tiÕng v× tµi nghÖ ®iÖu luyÖn trong mäi lo¹i h×nh thÓ thao).

g) Cuèi c©u hái. Ch¼ng h¹n, Who are you thinking about? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ ®Õn ai vËy?), What are they talking about? (Hä ®ang nãi vÒ ®iÒu g× vËy?).

h) Cuèi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The friend (who ) I went with (Ng­êi b¹n mµ t«i ®i chung), The photographs (that ) you are looking at were taken by my father (Nh÷ng bøc ¶nh mµ b¹n ®ang xem lµ do cha t«i chôp).

i) Cuèi mét c©u ë d¹ng thô ®éng. Ch¼ng h¹n, The matter has not yet been dealt with (Sù viÖc ch­a ®­îc gi¶i quyÕt), Why is your daughter crying? - She has just been shouted at (T¹i sao con g¸i anh khãc? - Nã võa míi bÞ m¾ng).

j) Cuèi nh÷ng c©u nh­ What a terrible state she was in! (C« ta ë trong mét t×nh tr¹ng kinh khñng thËt!), We have no merit to speak of (Chóng t«i ch¼ng cã c«ng tr¹ng g× ®¸ng nãi ®Õn c¶), An article hard to get rid of (Mãn hµng khã b¸n).
L­u ý
I relied on her being efficient (T«i tin vµo viÖc c« Êy cã n¨ng lùc), chø kh«ng nãi I relied on that she was efficient .

He left early to catch the last bus (H¾n ra ®i sím ®Ó kÞp chuyÕn xe bóyt cuèi cïng), chø kh«ng nãi He left early for to catch the last bus .

He moved towards me, chø kh«ng nãi He moved towards I .
Ph©n biÖt giíi tõ vµ tr¹ng tõ
a) Please do not write below this line (Xin ®õng viÕt d­íi dßng nµy) (giíi tõ)

The passengers who felt seasick stayed below

(Hµnh kh¸ch say sãng th× ë bªn d­íi) (tr¹ng tõ)

b) We left school after that event

(Chóng t«i rêi ghÕ nhµ tr­êng sau biÕn cè Êy) (giíi tõ)

The day after, he apologized (Ngµy h«m sau, anh ta xin lçi) (tr¹ng tõ)

c) They knelt before the throne (Hä quú tr­íc ngai vµng) (giíi tõ)

You should have told me so before

(LÏ ra b¹n ph¶i cho t«i biÕt tr­íc chuyÖn Êy) (tr¹ng tõ)

d) Gold fish swimming round the bowl

(C¸ vµng b¬i quanh chËu) (giíi tõ)

Stop turning your head round to look at the girls

(§õng quay l¹i nh×n c¸c c« g¸i n÷a) (tr¹ng tõ)

DONG TU

• 
  §éng tõ lµ tõ chØ mét hµnh ®éng, mét sù kiÖn hoÆc mét tr¹ng th¸i . Côm ®éng tõ (Phrasal verb) lµ ®éng tõ cã giíi tõ hoÆc phã tõ kÌm theo ®Ó mang mét nghÜa kh¸c víi nghÜa th«ng th­êng .
  

- He translates a contract from Vietnamese into English

(Anh ta dÞch mét hîp ®ång tõ tiÕng ViÖt sang tiÕng Anh)

- Many memorable events happened last year

(N¨m ngo¸i ®· x¶y ra nhiÒu sù kiÖn ®¸ng nhí)

- The situation became unfavourable to them

(T×nh thÕ trë nªn bÊt lîi cho hä)

- He takes after his father (Anh ta gièng bè anh ta)

- Turn on the lights ! (BËt ®Ìn lªn!)

- Please write back as soon as possible

(Xin vui lßng viÕt th­ tr¶ lêi cµng sím cµng tèt)

- Their plane took off later than usual

(M¸y bay cña hä cÊt c¸nh muén h¬n th­êng lÖ)

• 
  Néi ®éng tõ (Intransitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ tù nã ®· ®ñ nghÜa vµ kh«ng cÇn tóc tõ theo sau. Ch¼ng h¹n, The birdflies (Con chim bay), They are swimming (Hä ®ang b¬i). Ngo¹i ®éng tõ (Transitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ ®ßi hái cã tóc tõ (Object) theo sau th× míi ®ñ nghÜa. Ch¼ng h¹n, Ba opens the window (Ba më cöa sæ), The police took the suicides to the hospital (C¶nh s¸t ®­a nh÷ng ng­êi tù tö ®Õn bÖnh viÖn). NÕu kh«ng cã the window vµ the suicides , ta ch¼ng biÕt Ba më c¸i g× vµ C¶nh s¸t ®­a ai ®Õn bÖnh viÖn. Tuy nhiªn, còng cã ®éng tõ võa lµ Néi ®éng tõ võa lµ Ngo¹i ®éng tõ . Ch¼ng h¹n, Please speak slowly (Xin vui lßng nãi chËm l¹i) vµ Please speak English (Xin vui lßng nãi tiÕng Anh), hoÆc The number of traffic accidentsincreased from day to day (Sè vô tai n¹n giao th«ng gia t¨ng tõng ngµy mét) vµ She increased her speed to evade the robbers (C« ta t¨ng tèc ®é ®Ó tho¸t khái bän c­íp).
  

• 
  Th× (Tense), ta x¸c ®Þnh ®­îc thêi ®iÓm diÔn ra mét hµnh ®éng hoÆc mét sù kiÖn. T­¬ng øng víi Qu¸ khø, HiÖn t¹i vµ T­¬ng lai lµ Th× qu¸ khø , Th× hiÖn t¹i vµ Th× t­¬ng lai .
  

• 
  C¸ch (Mood) cho biÕt r»ng hµnh ®éng do ®éng tõ diÔn t¶ lµ ch¾c ch¾n, cã tÝnh c¸ch mÖnh lÖnh, ph¶i phô thuéc mét ®iÒu kiÖn nµo ®ã, ch­a ch¾c ch¾n hoÆc chØ míi lµ mong ­íc mµ th«i. Ch¼ng h¹n, Trùc thuyÕt c¸ch (Indicative Mood) diÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®·, ®ang hoÆc sÏ diÔn ra trong hiÖn thùc. §iÒu kiÖn c¸ch (Conditional Mood) diÔn t¶ mét ý t­ëng mµ viÖc thùc hiÖn cßn ph¶i tïy thuéc mét ®iÒu kiÖn nµo ®ã. Gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch (Subjunctive Mood) diÔn t¶ hoÆc mét mong ­íc hoÆc mét t×nh tr¹ng gi¶ t­ëng. MÖnh lÖnh c¸ch (Imperative Mood) diÔn t¶ mét mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc mét lêi khuyÕn c¸o.
  

- President Ho Chi Minh died in 1969 (Chñ tÞch Hå ChÝ Minh tõ trÇn n¨m 1969)

- We are preparing for the university entrance examination (Chóng t«i ®ang chuÈn bÞ cho kú thi

vµo ®¹i häc)

- Tomorrow morning, he will not preside at the monthly meeting (S¸ng mai, «ng ta sÏ kh«ng chñ

tr× cuéc häp hµng th¸ng)

- Try hard to succeed and stop thinking about frivolities ! (H·y cè g¾ng hÕt m×nh ®Ó thµnh c«ng

vµ ®õng nghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng chuyÖn l«ng b«ng n÷a !)

- She can stay at home if she likes (C« ta cã thÓ ë nhµ nÕu c« ta thÝch)

- If we had been there yesterday morning, he would have invited us to breakfast ( NÕu s¸ng

h«m qua chóng t«i cã mÆt ë ®ã, «ng ta ®· mêi chóng t«i ¨n ®iÓm t©m)

- Long live the king ! (§øc vua v¹n tuÕ !)

- Heaven help us ! (L¹y trêi phï hé chóng con !)

- He staggers as though he were dead drunk (H¾n b­íc lo¹ng cho¹ng nh­ lµ ®· say mÌm)

• 
  H×nh thøc
  

- H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh (Negative Form) : Hoa is not / isn't a programmer (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn), They do not / don't go shopping (Hä kh«ng ®i mua s¾m), She did not / didn't smile happily (C« ta kh«ng mØm c­êi sung s­íng).

- H×nh thøc nghi vÊn (Interrogative Form) : Is Hoa a programmer ? (Hoa cã ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay kh«ng?), Do they go shopping ? (Hä cã ®i mua s¾m hay kh«ng?), Did she smile happily ? (C« ta cã mØm c­êi sung s­íng hay kh«ng?).

- H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh (Negative Interrogative Form) : Thay v× Is Hoa not a programmer ? (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay sao?), Do they not go shopping ? (Hä kh«ng ®i mua s¾m chø?) vµ Did she not smile happily ? (C« ta kh«ng mØm c­êi sung s­íng sao?), ng­êi ta th­êng viÕt Isn't Hoa a programmer ?, Don't they go shopping ? vµ Didn't she smile happily ?

THI VA CACH CUA DONG TU

THI

I work I don't work Do I work? Don't I work?

You work You don't work Do you work Don't you work?

He/she/it works He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it work? Doesn't he/she/it work?

We work We don't work Do we work? Don't we work?

You work You don't work Do you work? Don't you work?

They work They don't work Do they work? Don't they work?

• 
  Don't vµ Doesn't chÝnh lµ Do not vµ Does not. Ch¼ng h¹n, I do not work tØnh l­îc thµnh I don't work, hoÆc Do you not work? tØnh l­îc thµnh Don't you work?
  
• 
  Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cã h×nh thøc gièng nh­ nguyªn mÉu, chØ kh¸c mét ®iÒu lµ thªm S ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt (He/She/It). Ch¼ng h¹n, To play --> She plays, To stand --> He stands, To smile --> She smiles.
  
• 
  Tuy nhiªn, ph¶i thªm ES nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng SS, CH, SH, X vµ O. Ch¼ng h¹n, To miss --> She misses, To push --> He pushes, To clutch --> He clutches, To fix --> He fixes, To do --> She does, To go --> It goes.
  
• 
  Còng ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt, Y ®æi thµnh IES nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng phô ©m + Y. Ch¼ng h¹n, To bury --> It buries, To identify --> He identifies, To deny --> She denies. Tuy nhiªn, nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng nguyªn ©m + Y th× thªm S nh­ b×nh th­êng. Ch¼ng h¹n, To stay --> She stays, To pay --> He pays, To obey --> He obeys.
  

• 
  DiÔn t¶ thãi quen hoÆc nÒ nÕp.
  

- I bath every night (Tèi nµo t«i còng t¾m)

- How often do the buses run? (C¸ch bao l©u l¹i cã xe bóyt?)

- He always brushes his teeth after meals (Anh ta lu«n ch¶i r¨ng sau khi ¨n)

- You never get up early (Ch¼ng bao giê c¸c anh dËy sím c¶)

- We go to church twice a week (Chóng t«i ®i lÔ hai lÇn mçi tuÇn)

- They often advise me to attend evening classes (Hä th­êng khuyªn t«i häc líp ®ªm)

• 
  DiÔn t¶ tr¹ng th¸i hiÓn nhiªn hoÆc sù thËt bÊt di bÊt dÞch.
  

- This packet contains twenty cigarettes (Gãi nµy ®ùng hai m­¬i ®iÕu thuèc)

- English is easier to learn than French (TiÕng Anh dÔ häc h¬n tiÕng Ph¸p)

- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west

(MÆt trêi mäc ë ph­¬ng ®«ng vµ lÆn ë ph­¬ng t©y)

- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (N­íc s«i ë 100 ®é C)

- What does this acronym mean? (Côm tõ viÕt t¾t nµy nghÜa lµ g×?)

- A full stop signifies the end of a sentence (DÊu chÊm nghÜa lµ hÕt mét c©u)

• 
  DiÔn t¶ ho¹t c¶nh s©n khÊu, tin tøc thÓ thao ...
  

- When the curtain rises, a French officer is making advances to Eliza. The phone rings suddenly. She picks it up and listens quietly. As for him, the French officer smokes while staring into space (Khi mµn kÐo lªn, mét sÜ quan Ph¸p ®ang t¸n tØnh Eliza. §iÖn tho¹i bçng reo vang. Nµng nhÊc ®iÖn tho¹i lªn vµ b×nh th¶n l¾ng nghe. VÒ phÇn m×nh, viªn sÜ quan Ph¸p võa hót thuèc võa nh×n ®¨m ®¨m vµo kho¶ng kh«ng).

• 
  DiÔn t¶ mét dù ®Þnh, mét kÕ ho¹ch trong t­¬ng lai.
  

- We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00. We spend two hours in Paris and leave again at 15.00. We arrive in Rome at 19.30, spend four hours in Rome... (Chóng t«i rêi Lu©n §«n lóc 10 giê s¸ng Thø Ba tíi vµ ®Õn Paris lóc 13 giê. Chóng t«i ë Paris hai tiÕng ®ång hå vµ l¹i ra ®i lóc 15 giê. Chóng t«i ®Õn R«ma lóc 19 giê 30, ë R«ma bèn tiÕng ®ång hå...).

• 
  Thay choHiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn cña c¸c ®éng tõ Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate, Love, Believe , Trust , Want , Wish , Desire , Know , Perceive, Notice , Understand , Forget , Remember , Recollect , Consist , Contain , Concern , Belong , Possess , Own , Owe , Concern , Matter , Appear (cã vÎ), Look (cã vÎ), Seem (d­êng nh­), Smell (cã mïi), Taste (cã vÞ), Sound (cã vÎ), Mean (cã nghÜa lµ), Signify (cã nghÜa lµ),See (hiÓu), Realize (hiÓu), Recognize (nhËn thøc), Hold (chøa ®ùng), Keep (tiÕp tôc), Admire (kh©m phôc)...
  

- The meat smells of garlic (ThÞt cã mïi tái), chø kh«ng nãi The meat is smelling of garlic.

- I perceive her smile as an ironic remark (T«i nhËn thÊy nô c­êi cña c« ta lµ mét lêi nhËn xÐt mØa mai), chø kh«ng nãi I am perceiving her smile as an ironic remark .

• 
  DiÔn t¶ mét ®iÒu kiÖn.
  

- If he sees you, he'll give you a good talking-to

(NÕu gÆp anh, h¾n sÏ m¾ng anh mét trËn ra trß)

- We'll starve unless we find any barracks at the foot of the mountain

(Chóng ta sÏ chÕt ®ãi nÕu kh«ng t×m ®­îc doanh tr¹i nµo ë ch©n nói)

THI HIEN TAI LIEN TIEN

I am working I am not working Am I working? Am I not working?

You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you not working?

He/she/it is working He/she/it is not working Is he/she/it working? Is he/she/it not working?

We are working We are not working Are we working? Are we not working?

You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you not working?

They are working They are not working Are they working? Are they not working

• 
  I am working , He is working , They are working ... th­êng tØnh l­îc thµnh I'm working , He's working, They're working ...
  
• 
  I am not working , You are not working , He is not working ...th­êng tØnh l­îc thµnh I'm not working , You're not working / You aren't working , He's not working / He isn't working ...
  
• 
  Am I not working? , Are you not working? , Is he not working? ... th­êng tØnh l­îc thµnh Aren't I working? , Aren't you working? , Isn't he working? ...
  

• 
  DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra.
  

- It is raining (Trêi ®ang m­a)

- The kettle is boiling (N­íc trong Êm ®ang s«i)

- What are you doing? - I am feeding the pigs

(Anh ®ang lµm g× vËy? - T«i ®ang cho lîn ¨n)

- At present, my younger sister is teaching English and (is) studying medicine(HiÖn nay, em g¸i t«i ®ang d¹y tiÕng Anh vµ häc y khoa)

• 
  DiÔn t¶ mét t­¬ng lai thËt gÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I am taking an oral examination tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, t«i thi vÊn ®¸p), Are you doing anything this afternoon? (Anh cã lµm g× chiÒu nay hay kh«ng?)
  
• 
  DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i theo thãi quen. Ch¼ng h¹n, She is always wearing her jumper the wrong way round (C« ta lu«n mÆc ¸o len nhÇm ®»ng tr­íc ra ®»ng sau), You are always getting the wrong number (C¸c anh lu«n quay nhÇm sè ®iÖn tho¹i).
  

THI HIEN TAI HOAN THANH

I have worked I have not worked Have I worked?

You have worked You have not worked Have you worked?

He/she/it has worked He/she/it has not worked Has he/she/it worked?

We have worked We have not worked Have we worked?

You have worked You have not worked Have you worked?

They have worked They have not worked Have they worked?

• 
  I have worked , He has worked , They have worked ... th­êng tØnh l­îc thµnh I've worked, He's worked, They've worked.
  
• 
  I have not worked , He has not worked , They have not worked ... th­êng tØnh l­îc thµnh I haven't worked/I've not worked, He hasn't worked/He's not worked, They haven't worked/They've not worked ...
  
• 
  Have I not worked? , Has he not worked? , Have they not worked? (Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh)... th­êng tØnh l­îc thµnh Haven't I worked?, Hasn't he worked?, Haven't they worked?
  

• 
  DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra, nh­ng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh lµ x¶y ra lóc nµo.
  

- Don't worry ! He has received your complimentary tickets

(§õng lo! ¤ng Êy nhËn ®­îc vÐ mêi cña anh råi)

- Have you finished your work? - Yes, I have/No, I haven't finished it yet

(Anh lµm xong c«ng viÖc ch­a? - Råi, t«i lµm xong råi/ Ch­a, t«i ch­a lµm xong)

- The lieutenant-general has just given orders to bombard the enemy headquarters

(Trung t­íng võa míi ra lÖnh ph¸o kÝch vµo tæng hµnh dinh cña ®Þch)

- I wonder if my wife has subscribed to Vietnam News

(T«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt vî t«i cã ®Æt mua Vietnam News hay ch­a)

- Have you ever been to Switzerland? (Anh cã sang Thôy SÜ bao giê ch­a?)

- How long have you been there? (Anh ®· ë ®ã bao l©u?)

- I am sure that she has agreed with you about it

(T«i tin ch¾c r»ng bµ ta ®· ®ång ý víi anh vÒ viÖc ®ã)

• 
  DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ vÉn cßn quan hÖ ®Õn hiÖn t¹i.
  

- We have lived here for eight years (Chóng t«i sèng ë ®©y ®· t¸m n¨m råi)

- There have been many murders lately/recently (§· cã nhiÒu vô ¸n m¹ng x¶y ra gÇn ®©y)

- He has been sick for three weeks/since last week

(¤ng ta ®au ®· ba tuÇn råi/tõ tuÇn råi ®Õn b©y giê)

- My mother is seventy-two years old and has been bespectacled for four years

(MÑ t«i b¶y m­¬i hai tuæi vµ mang kÝnh ®· bèn n¨m nay)

- She has gone about on crutches since her childhood

(C« ta chèng n¹ng tõ bÐ ®Õn b©y giê)

- I have worked here since I graduated in law

(T«i lµm viÖc ë ®©y tõ khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt ®Õn b©y giê)

- This tooth hasn't been filled for months (R¨ng nµy mÊy th¸ng nay ch­a tr¸m)

- I haven't seen my parents for ages/since January

(L©u qu¸/ Tõ th¸ng giªng ®Õn nay, t«i ch­a gÆp bè mÑ t«i)

- Their youngest son joined up last year. They haven't heard from him since

(Con trai ót cña hä nhËp ngò n¨m ngo¸i. Tõ ®ã ®Õn nay, hä bÆt tin cËu ta)

§Æc biÖt

- I have never heard such nonsense (T«i ch­a bao giê nghe mét chuyÖn phi lý nh­ vËy)

- Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense

(Suèt ®êi t«i ch­a bao giê nghe mét chuyÖn phi lý nh­ vËy)

- She has often invited me home (C« ta vÉn th­êng mêi t«i ®Õn nhµ ch¬i)

- This is the best film I have ever seen (§©y lµ bé phim hay nhÊt mµ t«i tõng xem)

- This is the first time they have visited the zoo

(§©y lµ lÇn ®Çu tiªn hä tham quan v­ên b¸ch thó)

- It is only the second time they have arrived in Hong Kong

(§©y chØ lµ lÇn thø hai hä ®Õn Hång K«ng)

- It is ten years since I have seen them (LÇn sau cïng t«i gÆp hä lµ c¸ch ®©y m­êi n¨m)
THI HT HOAN THANH LIEN TIEN

H×nh thøc
HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh cña TO BE + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ.

• 
  X¸c ®Þnh: I have been working , He has been working ...
  
• 
  Phñ ®Þnh: I have not / haven't been working, He has not / hasn't been working ...
  
• 
  Nghi vÊn: Have I been working? Has he been working? ...
  
• 
  Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh: Have I not / Haven't I been working?, Has he not / Hasn't he been working?...
  

• 
  DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ vÉn tiÕp diÔn ®Õn khi ta nãi, hoÆc võa míi hoµn tÊt khi ta nãi.
  

- They have been waiting for hours and the policeman still hasn't opened the gate to let them out (Hä chê ®· mÊy tiÕng ®ång hå vµ viªn c¶nh s¸t vÉn ch­a më cæng cho hä ra)

- I am too busy to make you a phone call. Have you been waiting long?

(T«i qu¸ bËn, nªn kh«ng ®iÖn tho¹i cho anh ®­îc. Anh ®îi ®· l©u ch­a?)

- They have been working all week without a moment's leisure (Hä lµm viÖc suèt c¶ tuÇn, ch¼ng lóc nµo r¶nh rçi)

• 
  
  
  
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