Mao tu bat dinh 1/ a ®øng tr­íc mét phô m hoÆc mét nguyªn m(o,y,e,u,a) cã m lµ phô m. VÝ dô: a

(Hä ®· ®Õn sím h¬n t«i t­ëng)

- The sooner you begin, the sooner you'll finish

(B¹n b¾t ®Çu cµng sím, b¹n cµng sím xong viÖc)

(Con cña hä hÐt to nhÊt trong bän)

- Who arrived the earliest?

(Ai ®Õn sím nhÊt?)

• 
  §øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, This old man drinks heavily (¤ng l·o nµy nghiÖn r­îu nÆng), She walked sluggishly (C« ta ®i mét c¸ch uÓ o¶i).
  
• 
  §øng sau tóc tõ nÕu c©u cã mét tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, He rendered me a service voluntarily (Anh ta tù nguyÖn gióp t«i), They speak French well (Hä nãi tiÕng Ph¸p giái).
  
• 
  §øng tr­íc giíi tõ hoÆc sau tóc tõ khi ®éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ (nh­ng ph¶i ®øng tr­íc giíi tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi). Ch¼ng h¹n, She glances shyly at him hoÆc She glances at him shyly (C« ta e thÑn liÕc nh×n anh ta), nh­ng She glances shyly at everyone who attends her wedding ceremony (C« ta e thÑn nh×n nh÷ng ng­êi ®Õn dù lÔ c­íi cña c« ta).
  
• 
  §øng tr­íc ®éng tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi. Ch¼ng h¹n, The teacher carefully marked all the incorrect sentences on the blackboard (ThÇy gi¸o cÈn thËn ®¸nh dÊu mäi c©u sai trªn b¶ng ®en), He furiously declares that any latecomer will be blacklisted (Anh ta ®iªn tiÕt tuyªn bè r»ng ai ®Õn trÔ sÏ bÞ ghi vµo sæ ®en).
  

§øng tr­íc mét phã tõ hoÆc mét tÝnh tõ ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho phã tõ hoÆc tÝnh tõ Êy. Ch¼ng h¹n, It is absolutely impossible (§iÒu ®ã hoµn toµn kh«ng thÓ ®­îc), She sings very well (C« ta ca rÊt hay).

- They have only two children

(Hä cã ván vÑn hai ®øa con)

- Only five people were hurt in the accident

(ChØ cã n¨m ng­êi bÞ th­¬ng trong vô tai n¹n)

- For external use only

(Dïng ngoµi da mµ th«i)

- I only waited a few minutes, but it seemed like hours

(T«i chØ ®îi vµi phót th«i, mµ cø nh­ mÊy giê ®ång hå)

- I hardly know this telephone number

(T«i võa míi biÕt sè ®iÖn tho¹i nµy mµ th«i)

- I can hardly lift this bag

(T«i khã mµ nhÊc næi c¸i bao nµy)

(HÇu nh­ ch¼ng ai ®Õn)

-There's hardly any milk left

(HÇu nh­ ch¼ng cßn chót s÷a nµo)

-He has hardly any money

(Anh ta hÇu nh­ ch¼ng cã tiÒn)

- They hardly ever go to bed before midnight

(HÇu nh­ hä ch¼ng bao giê ®i ngñ tr­íc nöa ®ªm)

- He can scarcely have said so

(Ch¾c lµ anh Êy ®· kh«ng nãi nh­ thÕ)

- There were scarcely fifty strikers there

(™ ®ã chØ cã ván vÑn n¨m m­¬i ng­êi ®×nh c«ng)

- This river isn't deep enough for swimming

(Dßng s«ng nµy ch­a ®ñ s©u ®Ó b¬i léi)

- Write clearly enough for us to read it

(H·y viÕt ®ñ râ cho chóng t«i ®äc ®­îc)

• 
  §øng sau th× ®¬n gi¶n cña To be. Ch¼ng h¹n, Your hands are still dirty (Tay anh vÉn cßn bÈn), He is always modest about his achievements (Anh ta lu«n khiªm tèn vÒ nh÷ng thµnh tùu cña m×nh).
  
• 
  Tr­íc th× ®¬n gi¶n cña tÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng tõ kh¸c. Ch¼ng h¹n, I continually have to remind him of his family (T«i ph¶i liªn tôc nh¾c h¾n nhí ®Õn gia ®×nh h¾n), He sometimes writes to me (ThØnh tho¶ng anh ta cã viÕt th­ cho t«i), My father never eats meat (Cha t«i ch¼ng bao giê ¨n thÞt).
  
• 
  Sau trî ®éng tõ trong th× kÐp. Ch¼ng h¹n, I have never been abroad (T«i ch­a bao giê ra n­íc ngoµi), You should always check your oil before starting (B¹n nªn lu«n lu«n kiÓm tra dÇu nhít tr­íc khi khëi hµnh), We have often been there (Chóng t«i ®· tõng ®Õn ®ã lu«n).
  

• 
  §øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Her parents live abroad (Cha mÑ c« ta sèng ë n­íc ngoµi), They are waiting for us downstairs (Hä ®ang ®îi chóng t«i ë tÇng d­íi), Are you going anywhere? (Anh ®Þnh ®i bÊt cø n¬i nµo chø?).
  
• 
  Sau §éng tõ + tóc tõ hoÆc §éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, I've seen that old women somewhere (T«i ®· gÆp bµ l·o ®ã ë n¬i nµo ®ã), We looked for it everywhere (Chóng t«i ®· t×m nã kh¾p n¬i).
  

• 
  §øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n, Eventually he won hoÆc He won eventually (Cuèi cïng anh ta ®· th¾ng), Then we walked home hoÆc We walked home then (Råi chóng t«i ®i bé vÒ nhµ). Tuy nhiªn, tèt nhÊt lµ tra tù ®iÓn tr­íc khi dïng phã tõ chØ thêi gian.
  

TINH TU NGHI VAN

• 
  Who (®¹i tõ)
  
• 
  Whom (®¹i tõ)
  
• 
  What (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)
  
• 
  Which (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)
  
• 
  Whose (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)
  

- Who told him the news? (Ai b¸o tin cho anh ta?)

- Do you know who damaged my car?

(B¹n cã biÕt ai lµm háng xe t«i hay kh«ng?)

- I wonder who phoned this morning

(T«i ch¼ng biÕt ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i s¸ng nay)

- Who ate my bread? (Ai ®· ¨n b¸nh m× cña t«i?)

- Who is that bespectacled girl? (C« g¸i ®eo kÝnh lµ ai?)

- Thay v× Whom did they invite? (Hä mêi nh÷ng ai?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Who did they invite?

- Thay v× Whom did you see at church? (B¹n ®· gÆp ai ë nhµ thê?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Who did you see at church?

- Thay v× With whom did you go? (B¹n ®· ®i víi ai?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Who did you go with?

- Thay v× To whom are you speaking? (B¹n ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Who are you speaking to?
c) Whose

• 
  Whose lµ tÝnh tõ.
  

- Whose book are they reading? (Hä ®ang ®äc s¸ch cña ai?)

• 
  Whose lµ ®¹i tõ.
  

- Whose is that house? (Nhµ ®ã lµ cña ai?)

• 
  Which lµ tÝnh tõ.
  

- Which way is quicker - by taxi or by pedicab?

(§­êng nµo th× nhanh h¬n - b»ng taxi hay b»ng xe xÝch l«?)

- Which languages did you study at school?

(Anh ®· häc nh÷ng thø tiÕng g× ë tr­êng?)

- Which journalist (of all journalists) do you admire most?

(Nhµ b¸o nµo b¹n ng­ìng mé nhÊt?)

- Thay v× To which address will you send this letter? (B¹n sÏ göi th­ nµy ®Õn ®Þa chØ nµo), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Which address will

you send this letter to?. T­¬ng tù, thay v× In which region do you work? (B¹n lµm viÖc ë vïng nµo?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Which region do you work in?

• 
  Which lµ ®¹i tõ.
  

- Which of them is the tallest? (Ng­êi nµo trong sè hä lµ cao nhÊt?)

- Which of these two photos do you like best?

(B¹n thÝch bøc nµo nhÊt trong hai bøc ¶nh nµy?)

• 
  What lµ ®¹i tõ.
  

- What made him so furious? (§iÒu g× khiÕn h¾n ®iªn tiÕt lªn vËy?)

- What are you thinking? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ g× vËy?)

- What's the date? (H«m nay ngµy bao nhiªu?)

- What does he say? (Anh ta nãi g× vËy?)

- What did you do that for? = Why did you do that?

(B¹n lµm ®iÒu ®ã nh»m môc ®Ých g×?)

- What is this bag for? (C¸i bao nµy dïng ®Ó lµm g×?)

- What does this word mean? (Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?)

- What does she do? = What is she? = What is her profession?

(C« ta lµm nghÒ g×?)

- What's your name? (Tªn b¹n lµ g×?)

- What was the weather like? (Thêi tiÕt nh­ thÕ nµo?)

- What does she look like? (C« ta tr«ng thÕ nµo?)

• 
  What lµ tÝnh tõ (nh­ng rÊt Ýt dïng cho ng­êi).
  

- What experience have you had? (B¹n ®· cã kinh nghiÖm g×?)

- What documents has he read? (H¾n ®· ®äc nh÷ng tµi liÖu nµo?)

- At what depth does the wreck lie?

(X¸c tµu ®¾m n»m ë ®é s©u bao nhiªu?)
L­u ý

- Thay v× What age are you?/What is your age?, ng­êi ta th­êng nãi How old are you? (B¹n bao nhiªu tuæi?)

- Thay v× What height is he?/ What is his height?, ng­êi ta th­êng nãi How tall is he? (Anh ta cao bao nhiªu?)

DAI TU NHAN XUNG

Ng«i thø hai You You

Ng«i thø ba He/She/It Him/Her/It

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ng«i thø hai You You

Ng«i thø ba They Them

• 
  H×nh thøc cò cña ng«i thø hai sè Ýt lµ Thou (chñ tõ), Thee (tóc tõ)
  
• 
  He dïng cho nam giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng ®ùc & She dïng cho n÷ giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng c¸i & It dïng cho sù vËt.
  

(§©y lµ cha t«i. ¤ng lµ nh©n viªn ph¸t th­)

- This is my mother. She is an actress

(§©y lµ mÑ t«i. Bµ lµ diÔn viªn)

- This is my car. It is very beautiful

(§©y lµ xe «t« cña t«i. Nã th× rÊt ®Ñp)

- This is my grandmother. She is old. Do you know her?

(§©y lµ bµ t«i. Bµ Êy th× giµ. B¹n cã biÕt bµ Êy hay kh«ng?)

- Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me

(B¹n thÊy voi ch­a? - V©ng, t«i ®· thÊy nã vµ nã ®· thÊy t«i)

- My sister and I attend the same school

(ChÞ t«i vµ t«i häc cïng mét tr­êng)

- Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba ®©u råi? - Anh ta kia k×a)

- They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it?

(Hä ®·i b¹n ¨n tèi. B¹n ®· c¸m ¬n hä vÒ viÖc ®ã ch­a?)

- She will stay with us (C« Êy sÏ ë l¹i víi chóng ta)

- You need to speak to someone like him

(B¹n cÇn ph¶i nãi chuyÖn víi nh÷ng ng­êi nh­ anh ta)
L­u ý

- Thay v× It is I (t«i ®©y), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi It's me.

- Thay v× She is taller than I am (c« ta cao h¬n t«i), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi She is taller than me.

-Thay v× He doesn't know as much as she does (anh ta kh«ng biÕt nhiÒu b»ng c« ta), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi He doesn't know as much as her .

- Kh«ng nãi It was him who told me the news (chÝnh anh ta b¸o tin cho t«i), mµ ph¶i nãi It was he who told me the news .

- Cã thÓ nãi Turn off the fan hoÆc Turn the fan off (H·y t¾t qu¹t !), nh­ng nÕu dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng th× ph¶i nãi Turn it off.

- Víi vai trß chñ tõ, You vµ One cã thÓ ®­îc dïng nh­ nhau. Ch¼ng h¹n, You cannot live on water (B¹n kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n­íc l·) hoÆc One cannot live on water (Ng­êi ta kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n­íc l·) . Tuy nhiªn, You vÉn th©n mËt vµ th«ng dông h¬n One.

- They còng cã nghÜa lµ Ng­êi ta . Ch¼ng h¹n, They say (that) he behaves very badly towards his mother (Ng­êi ta nãi r»ng h¾n ®èi xö víi mÑ h¾n rÊt tÖ).
3/ Nãi riªng vÒ It

• 
  It th­êng dïng cho mét vËt, mét em bÐ, hoÆc mét con vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt thuéc gièng g×.
  

- Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.

(KhÈu sóng cña b¹n ®©u? - Nã ë trong ng¨n kÐo)

- Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily.

(B¹n cã thÊy con chim kia kh«ng? Nã ®ang hãt rÊt vui)

- Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos.

(§øa con míi sinh cña c« ta rÊt mòm mÜm. Nã nÆng h¬n bèn kÝ)

• 
  §«i khi It còng dïng cho ng­êi.
  

- Who is that/Who is it? - It's me

(Ai ®ã? - T«i ®©y)

• 
  It dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian, kho¶ng c¸ch, thêi tiÕt, nhiÖt ®é, thñy triÒu
  

- What time is it? - It is six (MÊy giê råi? - S¸u giê råi)

- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.

(§Õn Lu©n §«n bao xa? - Kho¶ng 100 dÆm)

- It is raining/snowing (Trêi ®ang m­a/®ang tuyÕt r¬i)

- It's a fine night (Trêi ®ªm ®Ñp)

- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto

(ThËt lµ nãng/l¹nh/m¸t trong hang nµy)

• 
  CÊu tróc It + is + tÝnh tõ + nguyªn mÉu
  

- It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy .

- It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To get up early is bettter .

• 
  Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ ch¸n), ta cã thÓ nãi She finds it boring to stay at home .
  

• 
  It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®­îc ®Ò cËp tr­íc ®ã.
  

- He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it.

(H¾n hót thuèc trªn giõ¬ng, mÆc dï vî h¾n ch¼ng thÝch ®iÒu ®ã)

- Yes, I am always a late riser. What about it?

(V©ng, t«i lu«n dËy muén. Anh nghÜ sao vÒ ®iÒu ®ã?)

• 
  It lµm chñ tõ cho c¸c ®éng tõ kh«ng ¸m chØ riªng ai
  

- It appears that there has been a mistake

(D­êng nh­ ®· cã sù nhÇm lÉn)

- It seems that he's resigned (D­êng nh­ «ng ta ®· tõ chøc)

Ng«i thø hai You You

Ng«i thø ba He/She/It Him/Her/It

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ng«i thø hai You You

Ng«i thø ba They Them

• 
  H×nh thøc cò cña ng«i thø hai sè Ýt lµ Thou (chñ tõ), Thee (tóc tõ)
  
• 
  He dïng cho nam giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng ®ùc & She dïng cho n÷ giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng c¸i & It dïng cho sù vËt.
  

(§©y lµ cha t«i. ¤ng lµ nh©n viªn ph¸t th­)

- This is my mother. She is an actress

(§©y lµ mÑ t«i. Bµ lµ diÔn viªn)

- This is my car. It is very beautiful

(§©y lµ xe «t« cña t«i. Nã th× rÊt ®Ñp)

- This is my grandmother. She is old. Do you know her?

(§©y lµ bµ t«i. Bµ Êy th× giµ. B¹n cã biÕt bµ Êy hay kh«ng?)

- Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me

(B¹n thÊy voi ch­a? - V©ng, t«i ®· thÊy nã vµ nã ®· thÊy t«i)

- My sister and I attend the same school

(ChÞ t«i vµ t«i häc cïng mét tr­êng)

- Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba ®©u råi? - Anh ta kia k×a)

- They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it?

(Hä ®·i b¹n ¨n tèi. B¹n ®· c¸m ¬n hä vÒ viÖc ®ã ch­a?)

- She will stay with us (C« Êy sÏ ë l¹i víi chóng ta)

- You need to speak to someone like him

(B¹n cÇn ph¶i nãi chuyÖn víi nh÷ng ng­êi nh­ anh ta)
L­u ý

- Thay v× It is I (t«i ®©y), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi It's me.

- Thay v× She is taller than I am (c« ta cao h¬n t«i), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi She is taller than me.

-Thay v× He doesn't know as much as she does (anh ta kh«ng biÕt nhiÒu b»ng c« ta), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi He doesn't know as much as her .

- Kh«ng nãi It was him who told me the news (chÝnh anh ta b¸o tin cho t«i), mµ ph¶i nãi It was he who told me the news .

- Cã thÓ nãi Turn off the fan hoÆc Turn the fan off (H·y t¾t qu¹t !), nh­ng nÕu dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng th× ph¶i nãi Turn it off.

- Víi vai trß chñ tõ, You vµ One cã thÓ ®­îc dïng nh­ nhau. Ch¼ng h¹n, You cannot live on water (B¹n kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n­íc l·) hoÆc One cannot live on water (Ng­êi ta kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n­íc l·) . Tuy nhiªn, You vÉn th©n mËt vµ th«ng dông h¬n One.

- They còng cã nghÜa lµ Ng­êi ta . Ch¼ng h¹n, They say (that) he behaves very badly towards his mother (Ng­êi ta nãi r»ng h¾n ®èi xö víi mÑ h¾n rÊt tÖ).
3/ Nãi riªng vÒ It

• 
  It th­êng dïng cho mét vËt, mét em bÐ, hoÆc mét con vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt thuéc gièng g×.
  

- Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.

(KhÈu sóng cña b¹n ®©u? - Nã ë trong ng¨n kÐo)

- Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily.

(B¹n cã thÊy con chim kia kh«ng? Nã ®ang hãt rÊt vui)

- Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos.

(§øa con míi sinh cña c« ta rÊt mòm mÜm. Nã nÆng h¬n bèn kÝ)

• 
  §«i khi It còng dïng cho ng­êi.
  

- Who is that/Who is it? - It's me

(Ai ®ã? - T«i ®©y)

• 
  It dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian, kho¶ng c¸ch, thêi tiÕt, nhiÖt ®é, thñy triÒu
  

- What time is it? - It is six (MÊy giê råi? - S¸u giê råi)

- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.

(§Õn Lu©n §«n bao xa? - Kho¶ng 100 dÆm)

- It is raining/snowing (Trêi ®ang m­a/®ang tuyÕt r¬i)

- It's a fine night (Trêi ®ªm ®Ñp)

- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto

(ThËt lµ nãng/l¹nh/m¸t trong hang nµy)

• 
  CÊu tróc It + is + tÝnh tõ + nguyªn mÉu
  

- It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy .

- It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To get up early is bettter .

• 
  Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ ch¸n), ta cã thÓ nãi She finds it boring to stay at home .
  

• 
  It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®­îc ®Ò cËp tr­íc ®ã.
  

- He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it.

(H¾n hót thuèc trªn giõ¬ng, mÆc dï vî h¾n ch¼ng thÝch ®iÒu ®ã)

- Yes, I am always a late riser. What about it?

(V©ng, t«i lu«n dËy muén. Anh nghÜ sao vÒ ®iÒu ®ã?)

• 
  It lµm chñ tõ cho c¸c ®éng tõ kh«ng ¸m chØ riªng ai
  

- It appears that there has been a mistake

(D­êng nh­ ®· cã sù nhÇm lÉn)

- It seems that he's resigned (D­êng nh­ «ng ta ®· tõ chøc)

DAI TU VA TINH TU SO HUU

TÝnh tõ së h÷u §¹i tõ së h÷u
My (cña t«i) Mine (cña t«i)

Your (cña anh/chÞ) Yours (cña anh/chÞ)

His/Her/Its His/Hers

(cña anh ta/c« ta/nã) (cña anh Êy/c« Êy)

- This is his handkerchief. Where is ours?

(§©y lµ kh¨n tay cña anh ta. C¸i cña chóng t«i ®©u?)

- Your do your work and I do mine

(B¹n lµm viÖc cña b¹n, t«i lµm viÖc cña t«i)

L­u ý: §õng nhÇm tÝnh tõ së h÷u Its vµ côm tõ It's (viÕt t¾t cña It is)
1/ §Æc ®iÓm

• 
  TÝnh tõ së h÷u tïy thuéc së h÷u chñ, chø kh«ng tïy thuéc vËt së h÷u. Do vËy, nhµ cña anh ta lµ His house, nhµ cña c« ta lµ Her house. MÑ cña anh ta lµ His mother, mÑ cña c« ta lµ Her mother.
  
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  TÝnh tõ së h÷u kh«ng tïy thuéc sè cña vËt së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, my friend (b¹n cña t«i), my friends (c¸c b¹n cu¶ t«i), their room (phßng cña hä), their rooms (c¸c phßng cña hä).
  
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  ... cña con vËt hoÆc sù vËt th× dïng Its. Ch¼ng h¹n, The dog wags its tail (con chã vÉy ®u«i), Depraved culture and its evils (v¨n ho¸ ®åi trôy vµ nh÷ng t¸c h¹i cña nã), The table and its legs (c¸i bµn vµ c¸c ch©n cña nã).
  
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  Own còng ®­îc thªm vµo ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh sù së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, Does that car belong to the company, or is it your own? (chiÕc xe «t« Êy cña c«ng ty, hay cña riªng anh?), Their own garden (m¶nh v­ên riªng cña hä).
  
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  TÝnh tõ së h÷u còng ®­îc dïng tr­íc c¸c bé phËn c¬ thÓ. Ch¼ng h¹n, My legs hurt (t«i ®au ch©n), Her head is aching (c« ta ®ang nhøc ®Çu).