Mao tu bat dinh 1/ a ®øng tríc mét phô m hoÆc mét nguyªn m(o,y,e,u,a) cã m lµ phô m. VÝ dô: a
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- Điều hướng trang này:
- 5) Th¸n tõ (Interjection)
- C©u (Sentence) Theo nghÜa th× cã 4 lo¹i c©u : 1) C©u kÓ
- MÖnh ®Ò (Clause) MÖnh ®Ò
- MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh
- MÖnh ®Ò cã tÝnh chÊt phã tõ
- MÖnh ®Ò cã tÝnh chÊt tÝnh tõ
- HiÖn t¹i vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n Qu¸ khø NghÜa nguyªn mÉu ph©n tõ
- To lay
3) Tõ tËn cïng b»ng y a) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét phô ©m + y , ta ®æi y thµnh i khi thªm hËu tè vµo (ngo¹i trõ hËu tè ing). VÝ dô: Carry + er = Carrier , nhng Carry + ing = Carrying Hurry + ed = Hurried , nhng Hurry + ing = Hurrying Lucky + ly = Luckily Worthy + ly = Worthily
Grey + ed = Greyed , Grey + ish = Greyish Pay + able = Payable , Pay + ment = Payment
Ch¼ng h¹n, Neighbour ---> Neighbor, Favour ---> Favor, Labour ---> Labor, Colour ---> Color. b) Gue trë thµnh g. Ch¼ng h¹n: Dialogue ---> Dialog, Catalogue ---> Catalog, Monologue ---> Monolog, Epilogue ---> Epilog. c) Re trë thµnh er. Ch¼ng h¹n: Theatre ---> Theater, Centre ---> Center. Calibre ---> Caliber. d) Vµi trêng hîp ce trë thµnh se. Ch¼ng h¹n: Defence ---> Defense, Offence ---> Offense, Licence ---> License. Tõ ®©y, suy ra nh÷ng trêng hîp nh: Tyre ---> Tire, Cheque ---> Check, Aluminium ---> Aluminum, Aeroplane ---> Airplane. e) §«i khi mét sù vËt ®îc diÔn t¶ b»ng hai tõ kh¸c nhau. Anh Mü Autumn Fall Bonnet Hood Current account Checking account Flat Apartment Full stop Period Lift Elevator Pavement Sidewalk Saloon Sedan Timetable Schedule Toilet Bathroom, Rest-room Underground/Tube Subway Ngoµi ra, ph¶i kÓ ®Õn nh÷ng tõ dÔ bÞ lÉn lén nh: Affect - Effect , Except - Accept , Fare - Fair ,For - Four , Formally - Formerly , Passed - Past , Peace - Piece , Principal - Principle ,Stationary - Stationery ... 5) Th¸n tõ (Interjection)
CAU VA MENH DE PHU C©u (Sentence)
1) C©u kÓ (Declarative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, I'm this girl's elder brother (T«i lµ anh cña c« g¸i nµy), She doesn't know how to use microcomputers (C« ta kh«ng biÕt c¸ch sö dông m¸y vi tÝnh). 2) C©u hái (Interrogative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, Who are you ? (Anh lµ ai?), Does he like martial arts ? (Anh ta cã thÝch vâ thuËt hay kh«ng?), What time is it ? (MÊy giê råi?). 3) C©u mÖnh lÖnh (Imperative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, Go away ! (H·y cót ®i !), Don't forget to lock the door ! (§õng quªn kho¸ cöa nhÐ !). 4) C©u c¶m th¸n (Exclamatory Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, What a good idea ! (ThËt lµ mét ý kiÕn hay !), What beautiful flowers he has ! (Anh ta cã nh÷ng b«ng hoa ®Ñp biÕt bao !) How lovely she is ! (C« Êy cã duyªn lµm sao !), How he snores ! (Nã ng¸y sao mµ to thÕ !), How fast he runs ! (Nã ch¹y nhanh thËt !).
1) C©u ®¬n (Simple Sentence) lµ c©u cã ván vÑn mét mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n, I tell them to stand up (T«i b¶o hä ®øng dËy), He was late for school (Nã ®i häc trÔ), How old are you ? (Anh bao nhiªu tuæi?), Never go out in the rain ! (§õng bao giê ®i ra ngoµi ma), How chubby the child is ! (§øa bÐ sao mµ mòm mÜm thÕ !). 2) C©u kÐp (Compound Sentence) lµ c©u gåm hai hoÆc nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ And, Or, But ... Ch¼ng h¹n, He went to the movies, but his younger sister didn't (Nã ®i xem chiÕu bãng, nhng em g¸i nã th× kh«ng); She doesn't like John and neither do I (C« ta kh«ng thÝch John vµ t«i còng vËy). 3) C©u phøc (Complex sentence) lµ c©u cã mét mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mét hoÆc nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò phô. Ch¼ng h¹n, I want to know with whom he comes here and why he has no money (T«i muèn biÕt h¾n ®Õn ®©y víi ai vµ t¹i sao h¾n kh«ng cã tiÒn). ™ ®©y mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ I want to know , hai mÖnh ®Ò phô lµ With whom he comes here vµ Why he has no money (hai mÖnh ®Ò phô nµy nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ And). MÖnh ®Ò (Clause) MÖnh ®Ò lµ mét nhãm tõ /côm tõ gåm chñ tõ (Subject), ®éng tõ ®· chia (Finite Verb) vµ cã thÓ cã hoÆc kh«ng cã tóc tõ (Object). Ch¼ng h¹n, The dog barks (Con chã sña) hoÆc The dog wags its tails (Con chã vÉy ®u«i). Mét c©u cã thÓ gåm nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò, chø kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng ván vÑn mét mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n,They burst out laughing because his gestures look very comic (Hä cêi ph¸ lªn v× cö chØ cña anh ta tr«ng rÊt kh«i hµi), I want to know who you are and why you come here (T«i muèn biÕt anh lµ ai vµ t¹i sao anh ®Õn ®©y).
HiÖn t¹i vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n Qu¸ khø NghÜa nguyªn mÉu ph©n tõ Abide Abode Abode Tån t¹i ; Tró ngô Arise Arose Arisen XuÊt hiÖn, ph¸t sinh Awake Awoke/Awaked Awoken/Awaked Thøc dËy Be Was/Were Been Th× ; Lµ Bear Bore Born/borne Mang ; ChÞu ®ùng ; Sinh ra Beat Beat Beaten §¸nh ®Ëp; §¸nh b¹i Become Became Become Trë nªn Befall Befell Befallen X¶y ®Õn, x¶y ra Beget Begot Begotten Sinh ra, g©y ra Begin Began Begun B¾t ®Çu Behold Beheld Beheld Ng¾m nh×n Bend Bent Bent Cói gËp; BÎ cong Bereave Bereaved Bereaved/Bereft Lµm mÊt, lÊy ®i Beseech Besought Besought CÇu khÈn, nµi xin Bet Betted/Bet Betted/Bet C¸, cîc Bid Bade Bidden §Æt gi¸; Ra lÖnh Bid Bid Bid C«ng bè Bind Bound Bound Trãi, buéc Bite Bit Bitten C¾n, cÊu xÐ Bleed Bled Bled Ch¶y m¸u Blow Blew Blown §Êm; Thæi Break Broke Broken Lµm vì Breed Bred Bred Nu«i; Nh©n gièng; D¹y dç Bring Brought Brought Mang Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Ph¸t thanh; Gieo r¾c Build Built Built X©y dùng Burn Burned/burnt Burned/burnt §èt ch¸y Burst Burst Burst Bõng ch¸y ; Næ tung Cast Cast Cast LiÖng, nÐm Catch Caught Caught B¾t ®îc Chide Chid Chidden La m¾ng Choose Chose Chosen Chän lùa Cleave Clove/Cleft Cloven/Cleft ChÎ Cling Clung Clung B¸m vµo Clothe Clothed/Clad Clothed/Clad MÆc quÇn ¸o cho Come Came Come §Õn, tíi Cost Cost Cost TrÞ gi¸ Creep Crept Crept Bß Crow Crowed/Crew Crowed Gï, g¸y Cut Cut Cut C¾t Deal Dealt Dealt Xö lý; Giao thiÖp Dig Dug Dug §µo Do Did Done Lµm Draw Drew Drawn VÏ; KÐo Dream Dreamed/Dreamt Dreamed/Dreamt M¬ méng Drink Drank Drunk Uèng Drive Drove Driven L¸i xe Dwell Dwelled/Dwelt Dwelled/Dwelt C tró Eat Ate Eaten ¡n Fall Fell Fallen R¬i, tÐ xuèng Feed Fed Fed Cho ¨n, cung cÊp Feel Felt Felt C¶m thÊy Fight Fought Fought §¸nh nhau Find Found Found T×m thÊy Flee Fled Fled Ch¹y trèn Fling Flung Flung NÐm; Lao nhanh Fly Flew Flown Bay Forbear Forbore Forborne NhÞn; ChÞu ®ùng Forbid Forbade Forbidden CÊm ®o¸n Forget Forgot Forgotten Quªn Forgive Forgave Forgiven Tha thø Forsake Forsook Forsaken Bá r¬i; Tõ bá Freeze Froze Frozen §«ng l¹nh Get Got Got/Gotten §¹t ®îc Gild Gilded/Gilt Gilded/Gilt M¹ vµng Gird Girded/Girt Girded/Girt §eo, th¾t Give Gave Given Cho Go Went Gone §i Grind Ground Ground NghiÒn, xay Grow Grew Grown Trång; Lín lªn Hang Hanged/Hung Hanged/Hung Treo; Treo cæ Have Had Had Cã Hear Heard Heard Nghe Hew Hewed Hewed/Hewn ChÆt, gät, ®Ïo Hide Hid Hidden Che giÊu; Ân nÊp Hit Hit Hit Thóc ; §ông Hold Held Held CÇm gi÷ Hurt Hurt Hurt Lµm ®au Keep Kept Kept Gi÷ Kneel Knelt Knelt Quú gèi Knit Knitted/Knit Knitted/Knit §an; KÕt chÆt Know Knew Known BiÕt Lay Laid Laid §Æt , ®Ó Lead Led Led DÉn d¾t Lean Leaned/Leant Leaned/Leant Dùa, tùa Leap Leaped/Leapt Leaped/Leapt Nh¶y Learn Learned/Learnt Learned/Learnt Häc Leave Left Left Rêi khái Lend Lent Lent Cho mîn Let Let Let §Ó cho Lie Lay Lain N»m Light Lighted/Lit Lighted/Lit Th¾p s¸ng Lose Lost Lost §¸nh mÊt Make Made Made Lµm, t¹o nªn Mean Meant Meant Cã nghÜa lµ Meet Met Met GÆp Mow Mowed Mowed/Mown C¾t, xÐn Pay Paid Paid Tr¶ tiÒn Put Put Put §Æt, ®Ó Read Read Read §äc Rend Rent Rent XÐ Rid Rid Rid Tèng ®i, vøt bá Ride Rode Ridden Cìi (ngùa, xe) Ring Rang Rung Reo (chu«ng) Rise Rose Risen §øng lªn; Mäc lªn Run Ran Run Ch¹y Saw Sawed Sawed/Sawn Ca Say Said Said Nãi See Saw Seen ThÊy Seek Sought Sought T×m kiÕm Sell Sold Sold B¸n Send Sent Sent Göi ®i Set Set Set XÕp ®Æt Sew Sewed Sewed/Sewn May, kh©u Shake Shook Shaken L¾c, lay ®éng Shear Sheared Sheared/Shorn C¾t, gät Shed Shed Shed §æ trµn, ch¶y Shine Shone Shone ChiÕu s¸ng Shoe Shoed/Shod Shoed/Shod BÞt s¾t Shoot Shot Shot B¾n Show Showed Showed/Shown ChØ cho thÊy Shrink Shrank Shrunk Co l¹i, rót l¹i Shut Shut Shut §ãng l¹i Sing Sang Sung H¸t Sink Sank Sunk Ch×m, ®¾m (tµu) Sit Sat Sat Ngåi Slay Slew Slain GiÕt Sleep Slept Slept Ngñ Slide Slid Slid Trît ®i, lít ®i Sling Slung Slung NÐm, liÖng Slink Slunk Slunk §i lÐn Slit Slit Slit ChÎ, räc Smell Smelled/Smelt Smelled/Smelt Ngöi Smite Smote Smitten §Ëp vì Sow Sowed Sowed/Sown Gieo h¹t Speak Spoke Spoken Nãi Speed Speeded/Sped Speeded/Sped T¨ng tèc ®é Spell Spelled/Spelt Spelled/Spelt §¸nh vÇn Spend Spent Spent Tiªu xµi Spill Spilled/Spilt Spilled/Spilt Trµn ra, Spin Spun Spun KÐo sîi Spit Spat Spat Kh¹c nhæ Split Split Split ChÎ Spoil Spoiled/Spoilt Spoiled/Spoilt Lµm h háng Spread Spread Spread Lan truyÒn Spring Sprang Sprung Phôt ra, nÈy lªn Stand Stood Stood §øng Steal Stole Stolen ¡n c¾p Stick Stuck Stuck G¾n, d¸n Sting Stung Stung Ch©m, ®èt Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk X«ng mïi thèi Strew Strewed Strewed/Strewn V·i, r¾c Stride Strode Stridden S¶i bíc Strike Struck Struck §¸nh String Strung Strung Cét, buéc Strive Strove Striven Cè g¾ng, phÊn ®Êu Swear Swore Sworn ThÒ Sweep Swept Swept QuÐt Swell Swelled Swelled/Swollen Sng lªn, phång lªn Swim Swam Swum B¬i léi Swing Swung Swung §¸nh ®u Take Took Taken LÊy Teach Taught Taught D¹y Tear Tore Torn XÐ r¸ch Tell Told Told KÓ, nãi Think Thought Thought Suy nghÜ Thrive Thrived/Throve Thrived/Thriven ThÞnh vîng, ph¸t triÓn Throw Threw Thrown NÐm, liÖng Thrust Thrust Thrust §Èy, Ên m¹nh Tread Trod Trodden/Trod Bíc lªn, giÉm lªn Understand Understood Understood HiÓu Undertake Undertook Undertaken Cam kÕt Wear Wore Worn MÆc, bËn, ®eo Weave Wove Woven DÖt Weep Wept Wept Khãc Wet Wetted/Wet Wetted/Wet Lµm ít Win Won Won Th¾ng; §¹t ®îc Wind Wound Wound VÆn Wring Wrung Wrung V¾t, bãp Write Wrote Written ViÕt Kh«ng nªn nhÇm lÉn gi÷a To lay (§Æt, ®Ó) ---> Laid - Laid - Laying , To lie (N»m) ---> Lay - Lain - Lying vµ To lie (Nãi dèi) ---> Lied - Lied - Lying . 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