5.4. Shifts or transpositions
As we can see in the translation theory, a shift or
transposition is a translation procedure needed when there
is a change in the grammar form SL to TL. In the case of
technical NPs, this strategy is applicable to most of our
forms of NPs because of the grammatical nonequivalence
between the two languages. The translation of some forms
of NPs requires some types of transposition as follows.
5.4.1. A change in word order
As we have mentioned above in the theoretical
framework, one of the main differences between English and
Vietnamese NPs is their word order. To be more specific,
adjective or modifying element precedes the head noun
whereas the order is reversed in Vietnamese. In this case, in
the application of transposition method, there is an automatic
change in the position of modifiers and head noun.
English NPs:
(pre)modifiers
+ head noun
Vietnamese NPs:
head noun + modifiers
Form 1:
ADJ + N
N
ADJ
Random access memory: Bộ nhớ truy cập ngẫu nhiên
Form 10:
Noun + Thing
Communication system: Hệ thống truyền thông
Voice telecommunication service: Dịch vụ viễn thông thoại
Form 3:
V-ing + N
Installing data:
Chương trình cài đặt
Swimming data:
Dữ liệu dòng
Charging system:
Hệ thống tính cước
Translating procedures of this type of transposition is
comparatively simple. First, different elements in the group
are separated. Then, the order is changed into their
corresponding word order in Vietnamese.
English: 1)insulation
(2) resistance
(3)value
Vietnamese:(3)giá trị
(2)điện trở (1) cách điện
5.4.2. Translation by a rank-shift
In some cases, a mere change of word order in translation
cannot convey the meaning. Then, in order to ensure the
proper content transferred, it is in some cases necessary to
change the grammatical structure of NPs in SL. A NP in SL
may be translated into a NP or even a word in the TL and
vice versa. This principle termed “rank- shift” by Catford
(1965) is characterized by the replacement of a virtual gap
by a grammatical structure. The strategy “rank–shift” is
applicable to these following forms of NPs:
Form 8:
ADV + PP/V3 + N
Electromagnetically coupled detector: Bộ cảm biến
được ghép nối điện tử
It is, in some cases, impossible to translate this NP
simply by changing the word order as it will not make any
sense. In the example above, it is necessary to paraphrase
“electromagnetically coupled detector” into “detector that
is coupled electromagnetically” beforre it is then
correspondingly translated into “bộ cảm biến được ghép
nối điện tử”.
Form 7:
N + PP/V3 + N
This form requires the replacement of a NP by a clause
in Vietnamese. First of all, this form of NP is translated into
an equivalent clause in Vietnamese with case, usually with
“được” or “bằng”.
Form 4: N + V-ing + N
The rank-shift strategy is applied in the same way for
this form as NPs of this type can be replaced by a clause in
Vietnamese.
In conclusion, rank-shift can be applicable to the forms
of NPs including form: ADV + PP/V3 + N; Form:
N + PP/V3 + N and form N + V-ing + N. In these cases, an
English NP is translated into a Vietnamese clause.
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