20
PRINCIPLES
prime minister's speech or a legal document), the translator's own version has to reflect any
deviation from a 'natural' style. The nature of naturalness is
discussed in detail in my
exposition of the theory of translating below; 'naturalness' is
both grammatical and lexical,
and is a touchstone at every level of a text, from paragraph to word, from title to punctuation.
The level of naturalness binds translation theory to translating theory, and translating
theory to practice. The remainder of my translating theory is in essence psychological - the
relationship between language and 'reality* (though all we know of 'reality' is mental images
and mental verbalising or thinking) - but it has practical applications.
If one accepts this theory of translating, there is no gap between translation theory and
practice. The
theory of translating is based, via the level of naturalness,
on a theory of
translation. Therefore one arrives at the scheme shown in Figure 2.
Three language functions
Expressive (authoritative)
Informative
Vocative (directive or persuasive'
T z~
Translation theory
Semantic
Communicative
, __
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