tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ (adjective and adverb).
Mét tÝnh tõ bao giê còng bæ nghÜa cho mét danh tõ vµ chØ danh tõ. Nã ®øng ngay tríc danh tõ ®ã. Trong tiÕng Anh chØ cã mét danh tõ duy nhÊt ®øng sau danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa ®ã lµ: galore ( nhiÒu, phong phó, dåi dµo).
VÝ dô:
There are errors galore in the final exam.
- Mét phã tõ bao giê còng bæ nghÜa cho:
+ Mét ®éng tõ - mét tÝnh tõ - vµ mét phã tõ kh¸c.
VÝ dô:
He runs very fast.
verb adv adv
She is terribly beautiful.
Adv adj
- Adj + ly = adv nhng ph¶i cÈn thËn v× kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø tõ nµo cã ®u«i ly ®Òu lµ phã tõ. Mét sè c¸c tÝnh tõ còng cã tËn cïng lµ ly.
VÝ dô:
Lovely, friendly, lonely.
- Mét sè c¸c côm tõ më ®Çu b»ng giíi tõ ®Ó chØ ®Þa ®iÓm, thêi gian, ph¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng, t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng còng ®îc coi lµ phã tõ. VÝ dô: in the office.
- Mét sè c¸c phã tõ cã cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÖt nh soon, very, almost.
- VÞ trÝ c¸c phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh t¬ng ®èi tho¶i m¸i nhng còng cã nh÷ng phøc t¹p. Cã mét sè quy luËt nh sau:
+ C¸c phã tõ bæ ng÷ sÏ thêng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u theo thø tù u tiªn:
chØ ph¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng (®u«i ly),
chØ ®Þa ®iÓm (here, there, at school...),
chØ thêi gian,
chØ ph¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng,
chØ t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng.
+ Mét phã tõ kh«ng bao giê ®îc ®øng xen vµo gi÷a ®éng tõ vµ t©n ng÷.
VÝ dô:
I have terribly a headache. (c©u sai v× phã tõ ®øng xen gi÷a ®éng tõ vµ t©n ng÷ )
+ NÕu trong c©u chØ cã phã tõ chØ thêi gian th× nã thÓ ®øng lªn ®Çu c©u.
VÝ dô:
In 1975 I graduated but I didn’t find a job.
+ C¸c phã tõ chØ tÇn sè (always, sometimes...) thêng bao giê còng ®øng tríc ®éng tõ chÝnh khi nã lµ ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng, nhng bao giê còng ®øng sau ®éng tõ to be.
VÝ dô:
- They have often visited me recently.
- He always comes in time.
Nhng: The president is always in time.
§éng tõ nèi.
§ã lµ c¸c ®éng tõ trong b¶ng sau.
-
be
become
remain
stay
|
appear
seem
sound
|
feel
look
smell
taste
|
C¸c ®éng tõ trªn cã nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh sau:
Kh«ng diÔn ®¹t hµnh ®éng mµ diÔn ®¹t b¶n chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÖc, nh mµu s¾c, mïi vÞ ...
§»ng sau chóng ph¶i lµ mét tÝnh tõ kh«ng ®îc lµ mét phã tõ.
Lu ý: c¸c cÆp ®éng tõ
appear to happen
seem = to chance ( Dêng nh)
- To appear cã thÓ thay thÕ cho to seem vµ ngîc l¹i nhng kh«ng thÓ thay thÕ cho to happen vµ to chance.
- 3 ®éng tõ to be, to become, to remain cã nh÷ng trêng hîp cã mét danh tõ hoÆc mét ng÷ danh tõ theo sau, lóc ®ã chóng mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng ®éng tõ nèi.
- 4 ®éng tõ to feel, to look, to smell vµ to taste trong mét sè trêng hîp ®ßi hái sau nã lµ danh tõ lµm t©n ng÷ vµ trë thµnh mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ. Lóc nµy chóng mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi vµ trë thµnh mét ®éng tõ diÔn ®¹t hµnh ®éng vµ cã quyÒn ®ßi hái 1 phã tõ ®i bæ trî (chóng thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa).
- To feel = sê, n¾n, kh¸m xÐt.
- to look at : nh×n
- to smeel : ngöi.
- to taste : nÕm.
So s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ danh tõ So s¸nh b»ng.
So s¸nh b»ng chØ ra 2 thùc thÓ chÝnh x¸c gièng nhau (b»ng nhau hoÆc nh nhau) vµ ngîc l¹i nÕu cÊu tróc so s¸nh ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh.
CÊu tróc
as ... as
-
adj noun
S + verb + as + + as +
adv pronoun
|
NÕu lµ cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh as thø nhÊt cã thÓ thay b»ng so.
VÝ dô:
He is not so tall as his father.
Lu ý:
Ta cÇn ph¶i nhí r»ng ®¹i tõ sau as lu«n ë d¹ng chñ ng÷.
Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.
Mét sè thÝ dô vÒ so s¸nh b»ng.
My book is as interesting as your.
TÝnh tõ
His car runs as fast as a race car.
Phã tõ
John sings as well as his sister.
Phã tõ
Their house is as big as that one.
TÝnh tõ
His job is not as difficult as mine. HoÆc His job is not so difficult as mine.
TÝnh tõ TÝnh tõ
They are as lucky as we
TÝnh tõ
Danh tõ còng cã thÓ dïng ®Ó so s¸nh cho cÊu tróc nµy nhng tríc khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh ch¾c ch¾n r»ng danh tõ ®ã cã nh÷ng tÝnh tõ t¬ng ®¬ng nh trong b¶ng sau:
-
TÝnh tõ
|
Danh tõ
|
heavy, light
wide, narrow
deep, shallow
long, short
big, small
|
weight
width
depth
length
size
|
CÊu tróc dïng cho lo¹i nµy sÏ lµ the same ... as.
-
noun
Subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as
pronoun
|
VÝ dô:
My house is as high as his
My house is the same height as his.
Lu ý:
- Do tÝnh chÊt phøc t¹p cña lo¹i c«ng thøc nµy nªn viÖc sö dông bã hÑp vµo trong b¶ng trªn.
- The same as >< different from.
My nationality is different from hers.
Our climate is different from Canada’s.
- Trong tiÕng Anh cña ngêi Mü cã thÓ dïng different than nÕu sau ®ã lµ c¶ mét c©u hoµn chØnh (kh«ng phæ biÕn).
VÝ dô:
His appearance is different from what I have expected.
= His appearance is different than I have expected.
- From cã thÓ thay thÕ b»ng to.
Mét sè thÝ dô vÒ the same vµ different from:
These trees are the same as those.
He speaks the same language as she.
Her address is the same as Rita’s.
Their teacher is different from ours.
My typewriter types the same as yours.
She takes the same courses as her husband.
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