International journal of Science Commerce and Humanities Volume No 2 No 2 February 2014
180
5-
That-clause exclamations: Rosengren (1997 qtd. In Bijar,2002: 9-10) points out, however, that some
exclamatives consist of
that-clauses
. A
that-clause denotes a real or hypothetical state of affairs, and when
using
that clause exclamatorily, the speaker in question considers the existence of the state-of-affairs
denoted by the
that-clause to be a deviation from a certain norm. They may be emphasized by
so or
such as
in the following examples they cite:
That I have something to do with this monstrousness!
That she could be so ruthless!
In example (16) the speaker considers the very fact that someone believes that he has something to do with
something described as
a monstrousness to be remarkable. In example (17) the existence of the fact that she
could be
so ruthless is in itself a deviation from a norm. Exclamations, thus, do not only express deviations
from certain norms, but also various feelings, such as astonishment, joy, surprise and disappointment in
relation to this deviation. These feelings regarding the propositional content of an utterance are conveyed via
certain intonation patterns.
Beijer (2002:13) affirms that 'when
someone utters an exclamatory
that-clause, he conveys that the
very existence of the fact in
question is a deviation from a certain norm'. Zanuttii & porter (2003: 4) argue
that nominal and that-clause exclamatives have the two syntactic components
marking an exclamative,
namely the wh- and the factive operator. The relative clause can fulfill the role of the wh- operator and the
definite article 'the' marks the clause as factive.
6
- Infinitive exclamations: An infinitive is sometimes used in exclamatory sentences or in sentences
expressing a wish unlikely to be realized. For example:
To think that he knew about it all the time!
Oh! To be young again!
Oh! To be in England! (Eckersely & Eckersely , 1981: 235)
7- Echo exclamations, which repeat part or all of the preceding utterance:
A: I‟m going to London for a holiday.
B: To LONdon! That‟s not my idea of a rest. (Quirk et al. (1972: 7.84 qtd. In Bijar 2002:4)
8- There are also some exclamatory constructions. Eckersely & Eckersely (1981: 160) state that: a. some
exclamatory
sentences are of the pattern 'adv./ v./ subj. i.e. adverbs have front position. This is so for
emphasis. 'This usage is in many cases literary and emotional' (ibid: 263)
Here comes the bride!
There goes our train!
Here they are!
b. Svartvik & Leech (1985: 125) state that the construction
'if only I could remember his name is
exclamatory
Now for some fun!
9- Repetition {which also denotes degree = extremely}
It's far, far too expensive. (Svartvik & Leech, 1985: 118)
10-
Some imperatives in particular contexts could be classified as exclamatory, e.g.
down with the prime
minister!
11-
Epithet exclamative: Arnold M. Zwicky (2004: 1) adds another type of exclamation which he calls
epithet exclamatives and cites the following as an example:
You goddam linguist!
International journal of Science Commerce and Humanities Volume No 2 No 2 February 2014
181
12-
Single word exclamations
Some exclamations are expressed by single words. It is a type of language where no verb is needed
because every thing needed for the understanding of the message is provided by context'. Eckersely &
Eckersely (1981: 315) confirm that 'sometimes an ordinary word or groups of words are used as
interjections. For example: Silence! Well done! Stop! These 'perhaps are elliptical sentences equivalent to
something like: I want silence! You have done well'
Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn: