International journal of Science Commerce and Humanities Volume No 2 No 2 February 2014
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Factivity may also be realized by embedding clauses under classes other than factive verbs. 'Adjectives and
noun construction', comments Crystal (1997:147), 'may display factivity, as in
it's surprising that he left and
it's a shame that he left.'
3-Anaphoric
degree adverbs, Rett (2008) concluded that when languages use degree words other than
question words in exclamative constructions, these are anaphoric degree words analogous to
so(in English
and German), Italian
cosı´, and French
tellement.
.
4-Question words: An exclamative construction may take an information-question form.
5- Subject and finite verb inversion:
6- Right Dislocation
:- Michaelis (2001: 1043)
adds that an exclamative sentence type may invoke right
dislocated or unlinked topic as in
(a)
She’s pretty sharp
, my mom.
(b)
That’s certainly a shame
, that he’s not willing to discuss it.
In her semantic account of exclamation, Rett (2008) assumes that there are two semantic restrictions on
exclamatives: degree and evaluativity restrictions. She states that 'For the utterance of an
exclamative to be
expressively correct, its content must additionally be about a degree, and
that degree must exceed a
contextually relevant standard. (Rett, 2008: 601). Exclamation, she affirms, should also be judged on the
basis the evaluativity restriction, i.e. an exclamation is expressively correct if it is
used to express surprise at
the content of the exclamation, and if this content is salient. … The content of the exclamative must
additionally be objectively surprising; specifically, the degree in question
must be high relative to a
contextual standard. (Rett, 2008: 607)Thus, she concludes 'that any construction which denotes a degree
property can be used to utter an exclamative' (Rett, 2008: 612).
In addition and as deduced from the above review of literature, the semantic criteria of judging exclamation
can be summarized as follows:
1. The expression of a high or extreme position on a semantic scale or relative to a contextual standard
2. Deviation from a norm
3. Exclamatory utterances are emphatic. They are assertions.
4- Exclamatory utterances express the speaker's affective stance, positive or negative. They are overlaid by
an emotive element
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