Mét sè tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn
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You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
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Whether or not + positive verb
(dï cã ... hay kh«ng)
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He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god.
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unless + positive verb = if ... not
(trõ phi, nÕu ... kh«ng)
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If you don’t start at once, you will be late.
= You will be late unless you start at once.
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But for that + unreal condition
(nÕu kh«ng th× ....)
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Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)
present ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø
otherwise + conditional sentence kÎo, nÕu kh«ng th× ....
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- §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc.
We must be back before midnight, otherwise I will be locked out.
- §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®îc.
Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here.
present ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i
I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer.
qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø
NhËn xÐt.
Trong tiÕng Anh hµng ngµy, ngêi ta dïng or... else ®Ó thay thÕ cho otherwise.
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Provided/providing (that)
(víi ®iÒu kiÖn lµ, miÔn lµ )
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You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess.
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Suppose/ supposing ? = what ... if ...?
(gi¶ sö v× sao, nÕu v× sao)
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Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?
- Tõ nèi nµy cßn ®îc sö dông ®Ó ®em ra lêi gîi ý.
Suppose you ask him = why don’t you ask him?
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What if I’m- tao thÕ th× sao nµo
®a ra sù th¸ch thøc
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Simple present
will + verb
If only + = hope that
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Hy väng lµ...
If only he comes in time (hy väng anh Êy ®Õn ®óng giê)
If only he will head your advice.
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Simple past
past perfect
If only + = wish that
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Gi¸ mµ - tr¸i víi thùc tÕ.
If only he didn’t smoke. (but he doesn’t)
If only she had come in time. (but she didn’t)
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if only + would verb - íc sao, mong sao
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- dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét íc muèn ë hiÖn t¹i
If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast)
hoÆc mét íc muèn v« väng ë t¬ng lai.
If only it would stop raining.
Mong sao trêi ®õng ma n÷a - nhng thùc tÕ th× trêi ®ang ma rÊt to.
C©u bÞ ®éng
C©u bÞ ®éng ®îc sö dông nh»m ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo hµnh ®éng cña t©n ng÷ chø kh«ng nhÊn m¹nh vµo hµnh ®éng cña chñ ng÷ trong c©u chñ ®éng.
be + P2
Ph¬ng ph¸p chuyÓn ®æi tõ c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng.
- §a t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng lªn lµm chñ ng÷. Trong trêng hîp nÕu cã 2 t©n ng÷ ( 1 trùc tiÕp, 1 gi¸n tiÕp), muèn nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ nµo th× ngêi ta ®a nã lªn lµm chñ ng÷ ( nhng thßng lµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp lµm chñ ng÷).
VÝ dô:
I gave him a book.
hay I gave a book to him.
Trong c©u nµy book lµ t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp, him lµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp, ta ®æi:
He was given a book by me.
- Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u bÞ ®éng ph¶i tu©n theo thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u chñ ®éng.
- §Æt by + t©n ng÷ míi ®»ng sau tÊt c¶ c¸c t©n ng÷ kh¸c.
- to be made, to be made of ®îc lµm b»ng - chØ mét vËt ®îc lµm b»ng 1 thø nguyªn vËt liÖu.
This table is made of wood.
- to be made from: ®îc lµm b»ng - chØ mét vËt ®îc lµm b»ng 2 thø nguyªn vËt liÖu trë lªn.
- to be made out of: ®îc lµm b»ng ( dïng cho thùc phÈm)
This cake is made out of flour, egg, butter and sugar.
- Mäi biÕn ®æi vÒ thêi vµ thÓ ®Òu nh»m vµo ®éng tõ to be, cßn ph©n tõ 2 gi÷ nguyªn (xem c¸c c«ng thøc díi ®©y.)
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Simple present hay simple past
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am
is
are + [verb in past participle]
was
were
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Chñ ®éng : Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year.
Subject present complement
BÞ ®éng : A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.
singular subject be past participle
Chñ ®éng : The tornado destroyed thirty houses.
Subject past complement
Bi ®éng : Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado.
plural subject be past participle
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Chñ ®éng : The committee is considering several new proposals.
Subject present progressive complement
BÞ ®éng : Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.
plural subject auxiliary be past participle
Chñ ®éng : The committee was considering several new proposals.
Subject past progressive complement
BÞ ®éng : Several new proposals were being considered by the committee.
plural subject auxiliary be past participle
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Chñ ®éng: The company has ordered some new equipment.
subject present perfect complement
BÞ ®éng : Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
Chñ ®éng : The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began.
subject past perfect complement
BÞ ®éng : Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began.
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
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§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (modal)
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modal + be + [ verb in past participle]
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Chñ ®éng : The manager should sign these contracts today.
Subject modal + verb complement
BÞ ®éng : These contracts should be signed by the manager today.
Subject modal be past participle
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modal + perfect
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modal + have + been + [ verb in past participle]
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Chñ ®éng: Somebody should have called the president this morning.
Subject modal + perfect complement
BÞ ®éng : The president should have been called this morning.
Subject modal have be past participle
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