Food Process Engineering and Technology
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- Table A.9 Continued Temperature ( ⴗ C )
- Appendix 583 Table A.11 Freezing point of ideal aqueous solutions Water activity Freezing temperature 9
- Table A.12 Vapor–liquid equilibrium data for ethanol–water mixtures at 1 atm Ethanol in liquid % mol or % mass
- Table A.13 Boiling point of sucrose solutions at 1 atm Concentration (degrees Brix) Boiling temperature (
- Table A.15 Thermodynamic properties of saturated R-134a T ( ⴗC)
- Appendix 585 Table A.15 Continued T ( ⴗC)
- Table A.16 Thermodynamic properties of superheated R-134a Temperature (
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Appendix Table A.10 Vapor pressure of liquid water and ice below 0°C Temperature ( ⴗC) p water (Pa) P ice (Pa) 0
610.5 610.5
0.5 588.7
585.9 1
567.7 562.2
1.5 547.3
539.3 2
527.4 517.3
2.5 508.3
496.2 3
489.7 475.7
3.5 472.0
456.2 4
454.6 437.3
4.5 437.8
419.2 5
421.7 401.7
6 390.8
368.6 7
362.0 338.2
8 335.2
310.1 9
310.1 284.1
10 286.5
260.0 11
264.9 238.0
12 244.5
217.6 13
225.4 198.6
14 208.0
181.4 18
125.2 23
77.3 28
46.8 33
33.3 43
9.9 53
3.8 Table A.9 Continued Temperature ( ⴗ C ) Pressure (kPa) 100 200 300 400 500 h s h s h s h s h s 300
3074 8.216
3072 7.893
3069 7.702
3067 7.566
3064 7.460
400 3278
8.543 3277
8.222 3275
8.033 3273
7.898 3272
7.794 500
3488 8.834
3487 8.513
3486 8.325
3485 8.191
3483 8.087
600 3705
9.098 3704
8.777 3703
8.589 3702
8.456 3702
7.352 h enthalpy (kJ/kg); s entropy (kJ/kg.K). This is an abridged summary table. For more detailed data please consult: Keenan, J.H., Keyes, F.G., Hill, P.G. and Moore, J.G. (1969). Steam Tables: Thermodynamic Properties of Water Including Vapor, Liquid and Solid Phases. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Appendix 583 Table A.11 Freezing point of ideal aqueous solutions Water activity Freezing temperature 9 ⴗ C 1.00 0.0
0.98
2.1 0.96
4.2 0.94
6.3 0.92
8.6 0.90 10.8
Table A.12 Vapor–liquid equilibrium data for ethanol–water mixtures at 1 atm Ethanol in liquid % mol or % mass Ethanol in vapor % mol % mass 0
0.0 0.0
1 6.5
10.0 3
20.5 24.8
5 32.2
38.0 10
43.7 52.0
15 50.1
59.5 20
53.2 64.8
25 55.4
68.6 30
57.5 71.4
35 59.4
73.3 40
61.4 74.7
45 63.2
75.9 50
62.2 77.1
55 67.6
78.2 60
70.3 79.4
65 72.6
80.7 70
75.4 82.2
75 78.6
83.9 80
82.1 85.9
85 85.8
88.3 90
89.8 91.3
95 94.7
95.0 97
96.8 96.9
99 98.95
98.9 100
100 100
Azeotrope mixture 89.40
95.57 584 Appendix Table A.14 Electrical conductivity of some materials Material C * A ** at 0 ⴗ C A ** at 100 ⴗ C NaCl solution 1 10 100 200
500 1000
65.8 63.2
57.7 55.6
44.0 42.5
352.5 335.0
295.6 287.0
247.0 Glucose solution 0.4 0.13 (at 20 C) κ 10 5 at 18
C Butter 646–701
993 C* concentration, millimol/litre; A **
10 6
κ /C*; κ specifi c conductance ohm 1 .cm
1 Extracted from: West, C.J. (ed.) (1933). International Critical Tables. National Academy of Science, New York.
ⴗ C) 33.33 100.67
50.00 101.62
60.00 102.70
66.67 103.85
71.43 105.04
75.00 106.23
77.78 107.20
80.00 108.55
Extracted from: Pancoast, H.M. and Junk, W.R. (1980). Handbook of Sugars. The Avi Publishing Company, Westport. Table A.15 Thermodynamic properties of saturated R-134a T ( ⴗC) P (kPa) v (gas) (m 3 kg ⴚ 1 ) h (kJ.kg ⴚ 1 ) s (kJ.kg ⴚ 1 K ⴚ 1 ) Liquid Gas Liquid Gas 50
29.4 0.61
136 368
0.743 1.782
45 39.1
0.47 142
371 0.770
1.773 40
51.1 0.36
148 374
0.797 1.765
35 66.1
0.28 155
377 0.823
1.759 30
84.3 0.23
161 381
0.849 1.752
25 106
0.18 167
384 0.875
1.747 20
133 0.15
174 387
0.901 1.742
15 164
0.12 180
390 0.926
1.738 10
201 0.10
187 393
0.951 1.734
5 243
0.083 193
396 0.976
1.731 (Continued) Appendix 585 Table A.15 Continued T ( ⴗC) P (kPa) v (gas) (m 3 kg ⴚ 1 ) h(kJ.kg ⴚ 1 ) s(kJ.kg ⴚ 1 K ⴚ 1 ) Liquid Gas Liquid Gas 0
293 0.069
200 399
1.000 1.728
5 350
0.058 207
402 1.024
1.725 10
415 0.049
214 405
1.048 1.723
15 489
0.042 220
407 1.073
1.721 20
572 0.036
228 410
1.096 1.719
25 666
0.031 235
413 1.120
1.717 30
771 0.027
242 415
1.144 1.716
35 888
0.023 249
417 1.168
1.714 40
1017 0.020
257 420
1.191 1.712
45 1160
0.017 264
422 1.215
1.710 50
1319 0.015
272 424
1.238 1.709
v specifi c volume; h enthalpy; s entropy. This is an abridged summary table. For more detailed data please consult: http://refrigerants.dupont.com or http://eng.sdsu.edu/testcenter/testheme
ⴗC) Pressure (kPa); (Saturation temperature ⴗC) 50 ( ⴚ40) 100 ( ⴚ26) 200 ( ⴚ 10) 400 (9) 600 (21.5) 1000 (39.3) h s h s h s h s h s h s 40
374 1.767
35
378 1.783
30
382 1.799
25
386 1.814
384 1.753
20 389 1.830
388 1.768
15 393 1.845
392 1.784
10 397 1.860
396 1.799
5 401 1.875
400 1.815
397 1.750
0 405
1.889 404
1.830 401
1.766
5
409 1.904
408 1.844
406 1.781
10 413
1.919 412
1.859 410
1.797 405
1.727
15 417 1.933
416 1.874
414 1.812
410 1.743
20
421 1.947
421 1.888
418 1.827
414 1.759
25
426 1.961
425 1.903
423 1.841
419 1.775
414 1.730
30 430 1.976
429 1.917
427 1.856
423 1.790
419 1.746
35 434 1.989
433 1.931
432 1.870
428 1.805
424 1.762
40 438 2.003
438 1.945
436 1.885
433 1.820
429 1.778
420 1.715
45 443
2.017 442
1.959 441
1.890 437
1.835 434
1.793 426
1.732 50
447 2.031
447 1.973
445 1.913
442 1.849
439 1.809
431 1.749
55 452
2.044 451
1.986 450
1.927 447
1.864 443
1.823 437
1.766 60
456 2.058
455 2.000
454 1.941
451 1.878
448 1.838
442 1.782
(Continued) |