Appendix 577
Table A.2 Typical composition of selected foods
Food
Composition per 100 g edible portion
Water (g)
Protein (g)
Fat (g)
Carbohydrate (g)
Fruits and nuts
Apples
84.1
0.3
0.4
14.9
Bananas
74.8
1.2
0.2
23.0
Grapes
81.6
0.8
0.4
16.7
Oranges
87.2
0.9
0.2
11.2
Peaches
86.9
0.5
0.1
12.0
Almonds
4.7
18.6
54.1
19.6
Peanuts, roasted
2.6
26.9
44.2
23.6
Peanut butter
1.7
26.1
47.8
21.0
Walnuts
3.3
15.0
64.4
15.6
Vegetables
Artichoke
83.7
2.9
0.4
11.9
Beans, green
88.9
2.4
0.2
7.7
Broccoli
89.9
3.3
0.2
5.5
Caulifl ower
91.7
2.4
0.2
4.9
Corn, sweet
73.9
3.7
1.2
20.5
Mushroom
91.1
2.4
0.3
4.0
Peas
74.3
6.7
0.4
17.7
Potatoes
77.8
2.0
0.1
19.1
Tomato
94.1
1.0
0.3
4.0
Cereal products
Wheat fl our
12.0
9.2
1.0
73.8
Rice, white
12.3
7.6
0.3
79.4
Corn meal
12.0
9.0
3.4
74.5
Corn fl akes
3.6
8.1
0.4
85.0
Bread, white
35.5
8.1
2.2
51.4
Dairy products
Milk, cow, whole
87.0
3.5
3.9
4.9
Milk, cow, non-fat
90.5
3.5
0.1
5.1
Cheese, cottage
76.5
19.5
0.5
2.0
Cheese, Cheddar
37.0
25.0
32.2
2.1
Cream, heavy
59.0
2.3
35.0
3.2
Cream, light
72.5
32.9
20.0
4.0
Butter
15.5
0.6
81.0
0.4
Ice cream
62.1
4.0
12.5
20.6
Meat, poultry, eggs
Beef, hamburger, cooked
47.0
22.0
30.0
0
Lamb, leg
63.7
18.0
17.5
0
Chicken, roaster
66.0
20.2
12.6
0
Eggs, whole
74.0
12.8
11.5
0.7
Fish
Cod
82.6
16.5
0.4
0
Herring
67.2
18.3
12.5
0
Salmon
63.4
17.4
16.5
0
Tuna, canned
60.0
29.0
8.2
0
From: Heinz Nutritional Research Division (1958), Nutritional Data. H.J. Heinz Company, Pittsburgh
578
Appendix
Table A.4 Thermal properties of materials
Material
Temperature
(T,
ⴗ C)
Thermal conductivity
(k, W/m.K)
Specifi c heat
(C
P
, J/kg.K)
Thermal diffusivity
(
α , m
2
/s)
Gases at 1 atm
Air
0
0.0240
1005
18.6
10
6
Air
20
0.0256
1006
21.2
10
6
Air
100
0.0314
1012
33.0
10
6
Hydrogen
20
0.1850
14250
153.0
10
6
Water vapor
100
0.0242
2030
19.0
10
6
Water vapor
200
0.0300
1960
32.6
10
6
Table A.3 Viscosity and density of gases and liquids
Material
T (
ⴗ C)
μ (Pa.s)
ρ (kg/m
3
)
Source
Gases at 1 atm
Air
0
17.2
10
6
1.29
1
Air
20
18.5
10
6
1.205
1
Air
60
20.0
10
6
1.075
1
Air
100
21.8
10
6
0.95
1
CO
2
20
14.8
10
6
1.84
1
Water vapor
100
12.5
10
6
0.597
1
Water vapor
200
16.3
10
6
0.452
1
Liquids
Water
0
1.79
10
3
999
1
Water
20
1.00
10
3
998
1
Water
40
0.664
10
3
992
1
Water
60
0.466
10
3
983
1
Water
80
0.355
10
3
972
1
Water
100
0.281
10
3
958
1
Ethanol
20
1.20
10
3
790
1
Gycerol
20
1.490
1261
1
Edible oils
20
0.05
0.2
920–950
1
Edible oils
100
5-2
10
3
880–900
1
Milk
20
2
10
3
1032
1
Milk
70
0.7
10
3
1012
1
Beer
0
1.3
10
3
1000
1
Honey
25
6
1400
1
Sucrose soln 20% w/w
20
1.945
10
3
1080
2
Sucrose soln 20% w/w
50
0.97
10
3
2
Sucrose soln 20% w/w
80
0.59
10
3
2
Sucrose soln 40% w/w
20
6.167
10
3
1180
2
Sucrose soln 40% w/w
50
2.49
10
3
2
Sucrose soln 40% w/w
80
1.32
10
3
2
Sucrose soln 60% w/w
20
58.49
10
3
1290
2
Sucrose soln 60% w/w
50
14.0
10
3
2
Sucrose soln 60% w/w
80
5.2
10
3
1410
2
Sucrose soln 80% w/w
20
2
Sources: 1: Bimbenet, J.J., Duquenoy, A. and Trystram, G. (2002). Génie des Procédés Alimentaires.
Dunod, Paris. 2: Pancoast, H.M. and Junk, W.R. (1980). Handbook of Sugars. The Avi Publishing
Company, Westport.
(Continued)