Article in Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences · October 016 citations 22 reads 19,906 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects



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Particle 

Size (µm)

Peak Viscosity

(RVU)*

Hot Paste 

Viscosity

(RVU)

Breakdown

(RVU)

Final Viscosity

(RVU)

Setback

(RVU)

Pasting 

Temperature

(

o

C)

140


221.21±1.04

d

150.67±0.50



b

70.54±1.54

a

317.38±4.88



c

96.17±5.92

a

82.37±0.30



c

125


226.58±2.76

c

154.78±4.09



ab

71.81±2.68

a

321.86b±4.44



c

95.28±2.51

a

81.52±0.06



b

100


229.08±1.59

bc

156.53±2.87



ab

72.56±4.44

a

326.14±1.98



ab

97.06±3.54

a

81.40±0.00



b

80

232.17±1.26



b

159.17±8.03

a

73.00±9.27



b

327.97±4.71

ab

95.81±5.97



a

80.97±0.51

a

≤63


237.36±1.28

a

160.56±2.65



a

76.81±3.62

a

332.53±5.76



a

95.17±6.57

a

80.81±0.15



a

Mean values for each characteristic followed by different letters within a column differ significantly (P = 0.05)

*RVU =Rapid Visco-analyzer Unit

Values are Means ± SD of triplicate determinations 




 

Rice Noodles: Materials, Processing and Quality Evaluation

 

221


2.2 Water

Water is considered to be the second key raw 

material  used  in  noodle  making  after  flour.  The 

proportion of water used in noodle making should 

be optimum (30–35%) in order to optimally hydrate 

the flour for making dough of proper consistency 

[2].  Addition  of  excess  water  results  in  soggy 

dough,  while  too  little  water  creates  difficulty  in 

dough  formation  and  sheeting  [51].  It  furnishes 

the  required  medium  for  all  the  biochemical  and 

physicochemical reactions in transforming the raw 

components into finished products. It can dissolve 

the water soluble components prior to mixing. 

The water used for making noodle should meet 

the  sanitary  requirements to  produce  high  quality 

products [1, 2, 52].

 

Water varies in characteristics depending on its 



origin. Surface water usually contains higher level 

of  chemical,  microbial  and  organic  contaminants 

compared to ground water. However ground water is 

relatively richer in dissolved inorganic substances. 

Water are characterized as either hard, soft, saline 

or alkaline depending upon the amount and types of 

mineral salts available in natural water, which has a 

pH value between 5.8 and 8.6 [1]. All these types of 

water  affect  flour  hydration,  starch  gelatinization, 

sheeting process and texture of noodles. Hard water 

is not used generally because it reduces the water 

retention capacity of the flour. The available ions in 

hard water substantially affect the gelatinization of 

starches in subsequent steaming or boiling process. 

While, very soft water yields sticky and soft dough 

sheets. Low to medium hard water is considered 

desirable for noodle processing. The high alkaline 

water is due to the presence of magnesium and 

calcium  ions.  After  boiling,  the  pH  of  alkaline 

water rises to 9 due to the decomposition of 

bicarbonates upon heating to form the subsequent 

carbonates.  Therefore,  alkaline  water  is  not  used 

in  the  processing  of  noodles,  particularly  for 

manufacturing boiled noodles. Organic acids 

i.e.  acetic,  citric,  lactic,  malic  or  citric  acids  are 

added sometimes to adjust the pH of water for the 

preparation of boiled noodles [1-2, 9, 52].

2.3 Salt

Salt is another basic ingredient which is used in 

noodle preparation, which is added up to 1-3% of 

flour weight. However, about 8% of salt could be 

used in the formulation for processing of boiled 

Udon and hand-made noodles. Salt play three major 

role in noodle processing. The most important 

function is its tightening and strengthening role 

in dough gluten that is attributed to its inhibitory 

effect  on  proteolytic  enzymes.  While,  other 

evidences shows a direct relationship between 

protein and salt. It substantially enhances dough 

sheeting  properties,  particularly  at  a  higher  water 

absorption index. The next important role that salt 

contribute is the improvement of texture and flavor. 

In addition of providing salty taste, it also acts as 

a flavor enhancer in many other foods. It imparts 

fullness to the “mouth-feel” and masking possible 

off-taste.  Salt  significantly  reduce  the  cooking 

duration and provide elastic and softer texture. The 

third important role of salt is its inhibitory effect 

on microbes and various enzymes. Salt retard the 

spoilage and oxidative reactions at high humidity 

and temperature, thereby prolonging the shelf life 

of products. Higher concentration of salt in noodle 

formulation also reduces the drying rate [1].

 

However,  by  considering  the  consumer 



preference,  alkaline  salt  are  used  alone  or  in 

combination with various salts. Potassium and 

sodium carbonates are the most commonly used 

alkaline  salts.  While,  other  alkaline  reagents  i.e. 

bicarbonates and sodium hydroxide are also added 

occasionally. Alkaline salts are added at a rate of 0.5 

to  1.5%  in  noodles  having  strong  alkaline  flavor, 

while added at a rate of 0.1 to 0.3% in few noodle 

types for the purpose of improving their quality [1]. 

The yellowish color of alkaline noodles is provided 

by the natural pigments such as flavonoid present 

in flour, which behave as color in acidic medium, 

while turn to yellow in alkaline medium. A 

greenish-yellow color is given to the noodles by the 

incorporation of potassium carbonate that also have 

less reflectance as compared to noodles prepared by 

the addition of sodium carbonate. However, sodium 

hydroxide gives more yellow and brighter noodles. 

Addition of alkali gives inelastic dough that can 

hardly be compressed during sheeting. It provides 

a firm texture compared to noodles made from only 

salt [1, 28].




222 


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