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40 2019 ND-CP 413905
- Điều hướng trang này:
- Imbalance of power and influence
- Risk aversion
| Transport
Transport may be taken into account under the land quality ‘location’, but consideration should be given to means of transporting inputs from their points of supply, and products to local markets or ports of export. Presence and sufficiency of roads, railways and harbours, as well as transport facilities and costs, are important factors to be considered. Population Although population growth in general increases pressure on the natural resources, the relationship is complex and varied, depending on specific circumstances. Generalizations about the negative effect of population growth on the environment are often misleading (UNFPA 2001). Current demographic trends pose a dual land problem: scarcity and competition in the urban and peri-urban areas, and abandonment and lack of maintenance of property in remote rural areas with low population supporting capacity and limited earnings from land use. The combination of increasing population pressure and available land has the following effects on land and land use (FAO 2003): ¾An initial expansion of cultivable land to meet increasing food demands ¾A reduction of the fallow period in traditional agriculture that increases the risk of soil nutrient depletion and land degradation, so reducing the intrinsic value of the land, even though it may have no direct effect on land prices in the absence of a land market Chapter 3 – Expansion of concepts and definitions 17 ¾Increased competition for land, so causing land prices to rise and indirectly fostering the development of intensive production technologies. When no more land is available for expansion, both phenomena lead to migration towards newly opened agricultural areas or to cities. Imbalance of power and influence In many societies, specific groups such as women, the poorest members of local communities (often landless), traditional indigenous communities as well as migratory peoples or other minorities have little political or social power; often, their opinion is not sought and they are not recognized or treated as contributors to modern development interventions. The interests of the weaker groups in society need to be given special consideration, additional to the main economic analysis. Risk aversion Many farmers are reluctant to adopt a new technology until they are sure that it will improve their way of farming. There are many good reasons why farmers are cautious by nature. They often work with limited resources in difficult biophysical conditions, with fickle markets. Adopting a new technology without overwhelming evidence that it is better may mean risking starvation. In this climate of uncertainty, farmers may continue to use technologies that are familiar to them. This may be true even when evidence shows that a new technology increases yields (Ellis 1988). The risks associated with a familiar technology are already known – the farmer knows where to obtain inputs for it, and what to do if things go wrong; this may not be the case with new technologies. tải về 0.57 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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