02 Contents Frame
Agro-environmental monitoring
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40 2019 ND-CP 413905
| Agro-environmental monitoring
Inherently linked to the need for an agro-ecosystems approach and to the global concern of sustainability is the requirement for monitoring the agro-environment. It has been suggested that soil monitoring should be a standard part of the activities of soil survey or similar resource-based organizations (Young 1991). A revised Framework for land evaluation should recognize the importance of monitoring the agro-environment, take into account problems –both ecological and socio-economic– arising from the competition among land uses, and aim at maintaining the multiple functions of agro- ecosystems. Agro-environmental monitoring (identification and estimation or measurement of changes over time in the condition of soils, vegetation and other natural resources on which agriculture and other types of land use depend) generally has focussed on pollution of the atmosphere and water and on deforestation; adverse changes to the soil and other natural resources for rural land use have been receiving less attention. Elements of use for monitoring can be found, for example, in studies or surveys of soil nutrient balance, forest clearance and modification , or surface water quality . The Driving Force-State-Response (DSR) framework has established a holistic systems approach to include cause-effect relationships (OECD 1993, 1999). The OECD model has been extended to cover the causes (pressures) and the impacts on the environment. The Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework shows a chain of causes and effects from Driving forces (activities) to Pressures, to changes in the State of the environment, to Impacts and Responses. DPSIR is based on the assumption that economic activities and society’s behaviour affect environmental quality, and the framework highlights the complex connections between the causes of environmental problems, their impacts and society’s response to them. Indicators For agro-environmental monitoring purposes, indicators have been defined as ‘parameters, or values derived from parameters, which provide information about the state of a phenomenon, environment or area with significance extending beyond that directly associated with a parameter value’ (OECD 1993). OECD (1993, 1999) Chapter 3 – Expansion of concepts and definitions 23 defines agro-environmental indicators (AEIs) as attributes of land units that are policy-relevant, analytically sound and measurable. In addition to these criteria, EEA (1999) selects indicators on the basis of the target audience, the most suitable level of aggregation and the availability of data needed to compile them. Headline indicators provide an overview of the situation at a high level of aggregation; while detailed indicators are needed to better understand underlying trends or existing links between policy measures and their effects. The challenge is to find an appropriate balance between simplification and completeness. Some land qualities, as defined in the original Framework, may be useful as agro-environmental indicators or land quality indicators. Land quality indicators and their use in sustainable agriculture and rural development are discussed in FAO (1997c) and Pieri et al (1995). tải về 0.57 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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