Exclamation in English and Arabic: a contrastive Study dr. Nadia Amin Hasan
B. Morphologically-based exclamations
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Exclamation in English and Arabic A Cont
- Điều hướng trang này:
- Exclamation in English is a syntactic and semantic phenomenon.
2. B. Morphologically-based exclamationsMerin & Nikolaeva (2008: 2) state that exclamations exhibit a bewildering variety of morphological and syntactic forms. Exclamatory meaning in Arabic is sometimes morphologically indicated by exhibiting an extreme degree in some constructions. Various derivatives of the root ؟a-j-b are used to indicate amazement. They exhibit degree morphology defined by Rett (2011: 14) as 'a cover term for gradable or amount predicates.' For example Inna same؟na qur?aanan ؟ajaba (Qur'an : 72- 1) Surely we have heard a wonderous Qur'an. (Ghali, 2008: 572) Inna haza la-šay?un ؟ajiib { Qur'an : 11-72} Surely this is a wonderful thing. (Ghali, 2008:230) Inna haza lašay?un ؟ujaab { Qur'an : 38:5} Surely this is indeed a most wondrous thing. (Ghali, 2008: 453) Different forms derived from this root are used. For example, we have verbs, adverbs, nouns and adjectives. In the first example we have the form ؟ajab that follows the pattern CaCaC or fa؟al. In the second and third examples we have different patterns of adjectives. All of them are attributive adjectives. The first adjective describes the matter as something amazing and marvelous. The second adjective ؟ajiib follows the pattern fa؟iil. The third adjective follows the pattern fu؟aal as it is read ؟ujaab or the pattern fu؟؟aal as it is sometimes read ؟ujjaab in another way of reading the ؟ayya. These are two intensive forms of the adjective, though the latter is less common. Adjectives of these forms indicate a very high degree of the quality which their subject possesses (Wright, 1965: 136/7 vol.II). It is commented that 'the words ؟ajab nearly indicates something astonishing, ؟ajiib adds more meanings, ؟ujaab means the thing that goes far beyond expectation and ؟ujjaab that is read with the gemination of the second radical indicates the farthest end of amazement (al-qurtuby: 15/ 68:9). Thus, if we put them in an ascending order of intensity, they are as follows: ؟ajab ؟ajiib ؟ujaab ؟ujjaab In the Qur'an we have these two verses: Bal ؟ajebta wa ya-sxar-uun/ wa ?za zukker-uu la yazkr-uun Wa ?za ra?a-w ?ayatan yastasxruun (Qur'an : 37- 12/14) No indeed, you wonder and they scoff. And when they are reminded, they do not remember. And when they see assign, they turn it into scoffing. (Ghali, 2008: 446) In Arabic, if a word exhibits an increase in its morphological make-up, this indicates intensity in its meaning. The more there is evidence of the prophet's truthfulness, the more they are led astray. yastasxruun indicates the extremity of their scorn . wa –hum ya-starix-uuna fi-ha (Qur'an : 35- 37) And they scream aloud. (Ghali, 2008:438) They are crying in hell. They have reached an extreme degree of crying, an indication enough of their terror and pain and that they are taken aback. The situation is totally unexpected and terrorizing. There is a difference of degree between the two verbs 'yasrix' and yastarix' both meaning 'cry'. The latter follows the pattern of form VIII of trilateral verbs. This verb is augmented with respect to form I in that an infix /t/ is added to the form after the first radical. This verb is in the present tense. Thus, it is prefixed with the present tense subject marker ya-. It has the pattern ya- C1-ta-C2iC3. It is stated that 'form VIII verbs may be reflexive or medio-passive in meaning, but they also express a wide range of meanings that are difficult to predict.' (Ryding: 2005: 543). This form has phonologically many characteristics. It is stated that 'the insertion of the extraneous consonant /t/ within the root sometimes affects the spelling and the pronunciation of form VIII. Various forms of assimilation of the infixed –taa- to the initial root consonant occur. The taa, as a result of a process of progressive assimilation, is velarized if the initial root consonant is velarized, i.e. it is either s,d, t, or ð. Thus, the taa changes to taa. Fa-ta?ala allah-u l-malik-u lhaq la ?ilaha ?ila huwa rabu l؟-arši l-kariim (Qur'an : 23- 116) Then Supremely Exaltd be Allah, The King, The Truth! There is no god but He, The Lord of the Honorable Throne. (Ghali, 2008: 349) The pattern of this verb is tafa؟al. this is form VI of trilateral verbs. It is augmented with prefixed ta- and a long vowel –aa- inserted after the third consonant of the trilateral root. It is in the present tense. The subject marking stem vowel is fathaa and the two stem vowels are fathaa. Thus, it has the stem pattern ta- C1aaC2C2A3. One meaning of this form of the verb is 'gradual, continuous movement or increase in a quality' (Ryding: 2005: 543). In his interpretation of the Qur'an, ašša؟rawy says that the word ta?ala means, when ascribed to God that HE is far above all in HIS Righteousness, His Purity, His Impartiality, Integrity and Blemishlessness. The Throne is also specified here because it is the topmost of all God's creation. So, what is meant is that Allah is in the highest degree of Greatness and Sublimity with nothing and no one else above. This satisfies the criterion of scalar implicature. It is affirmed Conclusion: A survey of different analyses on exclamations has shown that the most common criteria linguists count on for identifying exclamation are scalar implicature (the expression of a high or extreme position on a semantic scale), factivity, emphasis, deviation from a norm and the expression of the speaker's affective stance positive or negative. Linguists have also differentiated between exclamatives and exclamation in English. Exclamation is an all-inclusive term. Exclamative is only a clause type. In so far as the English language is concerned there are prototypical exclamatives realized by wh-words (wh- exclamatives), interrogative exclamatives (or rhetorical questions), exclamatory statements (accompanied by some sentence adverbials or when uttered with particular emphasis and intonation), noun phrase exclamation, that-clause exclamation, exclamatory infinitives, echo exclamation, epithet exclamation, some verbless imperatives and single word exclamations. Formulaic expressions, vocatives and interjections are also exclamatory. Exclamation in English is a syntactic and semantic phenomenon. tải về 54.19 Kb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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