5
TR TR
LM
2-D image schema 3-D image schema
Figure 2.5. Image schema of preposition
in (meaning: CONTAINMENT)
(Adapted from Herskovits, 1986)
Herskovits (1986) proposes that LM can be two-dimensional (2-D) or
three-dimensional (3-D), but a 3-D LM usually describes
a clearer relation
between TR and LM (Figure 2.2). Although a preposition may be illustrated by
several image schemas according to
what meaning it has in context, the
construction of an image schema has to primarily satisfy 5 requirements: (1)
relationship between TR and LM, (2) their distance, (3) the existence of contact
between TR and LM, (4) shape and size of TR and LM and (5) direction of TR
in comparison with LM (Taylor, 1989). The constructions of the image schemas
applied in this study were based on these principles
and proposals of image
schemas by cognitive linguists.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Approach and Design
This study combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. To answer
research question 1, the pretest-posttest between-group quasi-experimental
design was adopted. To answer research question 2, the participants’ evaluative
opinions of the treatment was collected through questionnaires and interviews.
3.2 Participants
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