Academic Conference on Natural Science for Master and Ph. D students From Cambodia Laos Vietnam

Production of cells and modules continued strong growth. The total market for commercial solar cell production equipment will grow from $1.2 billion in 2006 to $4.5 billion in 2010. The real growth in the solar cell market will be in equipment for newer thin film technologies; cadmium telluride (CdTe - 26% of thin-film market) and Copper Indium (Gallium) Diselenide (CIGS - 10% of thin-film market). Key innovations are roll-to-roll equipment and printable CIGS inks instead of sputtering and CVD.” 3.3 Billion dollars to create 3,000 megawatts of new, solar electricity by 2017. Space qualified thin-film solar cells in the pipeline today can provide 4550 Watts/Kg. These are adequate specifications to begin SSP design and/or construction now. Fig. 4 shows PV installations in several markets and the trend of the decreasing cost

2. 
   Several data of the increasing energy trends
   

Clean Energy sources	2005 (Billion USD)	2015 (Billion USD)	Increasing factor
Biofuel	15.7	52.5	3.34
Wind energy	11.8	48. 5	4.11
Solar energy	11.2	51.1	4.56
Fuel cell	1.2	15.1	12.58

2. 
   Some main impacts of traditional energy sources on the environments and food
   

• 
  Recently the Oil production slowly declines as oil prices (reached 147 USD /barrel in 2008) set record highs against roaring demand triggering other price increases. Declining oil stocks intensify global tensions.
  
• 
  Production of nutritious food is very slowly declining, similar to biosphere II. Many agricultural regions experiencing increasing drought. Declining nutrition, Rice and wheat both have been shown to decline in nutritional value, for making protein, decreases.
  
• 
  Water for irrigation is in short supply. Fertilizer, essential to maintaining nutritious crops becomes more expensive as natural gas and electricity rise in cost.
  
• 
  Global Ocean Circulation has begun slowing, warping our climate further.
  
• 
  We are in the beginning stages of major changes to agricultural markets caused by rapidly expanding production of bio-fuels, that demand of the bio fuel has pushed corn to near-record prices. This leads to the increase of prices of many food products.
  
• 
  Rising CO₂ from our fossil-fuel-based energy (see on Fig.5) is causing other great problems: Earth temperature is increasing and weather is changing, the ocean current is changed, warmer North Atlantic, colder winter in some region (Russia and Europe) in past years. The ocean’s pH has become 30% more acidic due to the rising CO₂ chemical burden it must bear. This affects calcification by organisms including phytoplankton and zooplankton, a major food source for fish and other animals hoping to consume fish. From the data on Fig.5 we see that amount of CO₂ ^is double increased. CO₂ emission of China rapidly increased.
  

2. 
   What are our alternatives? Space Solar Power to be key energy solution
   

Space Solar Power (SSP) gathers energy from sunlight in space that is being almost of the year and transmits it wirelessly to the Earth. Space solar power can solve our energy and greenhouse gas emissions problems. Not just help, not just take a step in the right direction, but solve problems. Space solar power can provide large quantities of energy to each and every person on Earth with very little environmental impact. The solar energy available in space is literally billions of times greater than we use today. The Sun emits about 12x10¹⁶ Joules/sec (or 120 000 TW) to the Earth. The lifetime of the sun is an estimated 4-5 billion years, making space solar power a truly long-term energy solution. As Earth receives only one part in 2.3 billion of the Sun's output, space solar power is by far the largest potential energy source available, dwarfing all others combined. Solar energy is routinely used on nearly all spacecraft today. This technology on a larger scale, combined with already demonstrated wireless power transmission can supply nearly all the electrical needs of our planet. Space Solar Power (SSP), however, is “baseload” available 99% of the year from GeoSynchronous Orbit. The solar energy in space is 1340 W/m² , this value is 8 times larger then that 164 W/ m² on the Earth surface.

Another need is to move away from fossil fuels for our transportation system. When batteries, super-capacitors, and fuel cells improve to power for the vehicles, the gasoline engine will gradually play a smaller and smaller role in transportation, but only in that case if we can generate the enormous quantities of electrical energy we need. It is difficult tasks for scientists and technologists.

Up to now we can list the comparison some investigates energy sources based on our requirements of the clean, safe, and reliable and plenty of amount so called, baseload in Table 2. We see that SSP full fill all our requirements.

3. 
   SOME MAIN SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS OF RECEIVING SPACE SOLAR ENERGY, CONVERSION TO THE HIGH POWER MICROWAVE BEAM/HIGH POWER LASER BEAM, WIRELESS TRANSMITTING TO THE EARTH SURFACE
   

3. 
   Solar Power satellite developments
   

Recently one uses two kinds of SPS:

• 
  SPS transmit high power microwave beam from the GEO, (MEO, and LEO) with frequency of 2, 48 GHz or 5, 8 GHz. This system is extensively studied since 1973 in many countries, more developed, it get many good results. The energy of this SPS could provide up to GW –TW to the Earth surface. This system has large sizes and very heavy. High efficiency up to 85%, more safely due to the beams is far below the lethal levels of concentration even for a prolonged exposure. The micro wave beam cause interference with satellite communication industry.
  
• 
  SPS transmit high power Laser beam from (GEO, MEO), LEO with wavelength of 0.4-1.2 m using semiconductor Lasers This system is extensively studied since 1980 mainly for army applications , the wave length was in the range of 8-12m using gas CO₂ laser. Recently developed solid state lasers allow efficient transfer of power with the range of 10% to 20% efficiency within a few years. This system can be providing the small and medium energy of army stations and civil applications, the system has lighter weight. High intensity laser beam is not safe; one must conform to limits on eye and skin damage.