ĐỀ CƯƠng ôn tập thi tốt nghiệp trung học phổ thôNG(2013-2014) phầN 1- chưƠng trình ôn tậP



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BARE or FULL INFINITIVE ?

Sau HELP He helped us (to) push it

Khi 2 infinitive được nối với nhau bằng liên từ AND, to ở infinitive thứ hai thường được bỏ đi I want you to stand beside me and (to) hold the torch


PHẦN BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

Loại bài tập 1 (Trắc nghiệm khách quan): Chọn từ trong ngoặc

  1. I enjoy__________ alone (be/ being/ to be/ to habe been)

  2. Would you like__________ to the party? (to come/ come/ coming/ to have come)

  3. Do you mind__________ such a long way to work everyday? (to travel/ travel/ to have travelled/ travelling)

  4. I don’t like that house. I would rather__________ there (live/ to live/ living/ to have lived)

  5. I would love__________ to your wedding but it just isn’t possible (come/ to come/ coming/ to have come)

  6. Sometimes I’d like__________ to play the piano (learn/ to learn/ learning/ to have learnt)

  7. Please remember__________ this letter (post/ to post/ posting/ to have posted)

  8. We tried__________ the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire brigade (put/ to put/ putting/ to have put)

  9. When you see John, remember__________ him my regards (to have given/ giving/ give/ to give)

  10. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember__________ it by the window and now it has gone (leave/ leaving/ to leave/ to have left)

  11. Jane needed some money. She tried__________ Harry but he couldn’t help her (to have asked/ ask/ to ask/ asking)

  12. He tried__________ the shelf but he wasn’t tall enough (reach/ reaching/ to reach/ to have reached)

  13. Did you remember__________ Mary?- Oh no, I completely forgot (to phone/ phone/ to be phoning/ to have phoned)

  14. It’s very kind of you__________ so (say/ to say/ saying/ to be saying)

  15. Please show me how__________ this (do/ to do/ doing/ to have done)

  16. One is never too old__________ (learning/ learn/ to have learnt/ to learn)

  17. You are old enough__________ out alone (going/ go/ to go/ to have gone)

  18. I’m very glad__________ you (to meet/ meet/ meeting/ to be meeting)

  19. It’s nice__________ you (to know/ know/ knowing/ to be knowing)

  20. You have no right__________ my daughter (see/ to see/ seeing/ to have seen)

  21. Please tell me what__________ (doing/ do/ to do/ to have done)

  22. I forbid you__________ my letter (to read/ read/ reading/ to have read)

  23. We stopped__________ hello to her (say/ saying/ to have said/ to say)

  24. We came__________ her (help/ to help/ helping/ to have helped)

  25. I will invite her__________ my daughter (teach/ to teach/ teaching/ to have taught)

  26. I don’t feel like__________ to the cinema now (going/ go/ to go/ to have gone)

  27. It’s no good__________ video games (play/ to play/ playing/ to have played)

  28. It’s no use__________ with him (work/ to work/ working/ to have worked)

  29. It isn’t worthwhile__________ her (marry/ marrying/ to marry/ to have married)

  30. She did nothing but__________ (cry/ crying/ to cry/ to have cried)


Loại bài tập 2 (Tự luận): Chia động từ trong ngoặc sang hình thức đúng:

  1. When the painter felt the ladder (begin)(slip), he grabbed the gutter (save) him from (fall)

  2. The snow kept (fall) and the workmen grew tired of (try) (keep) the roads clear.

  3. He offered (lend) me the money. I didn’t like (take) but I had no alternative.

  4. What was in the letter ? ~ I don’t know. I don’t like (open) it as it wan’t addressed to me.

  5. Do you remember (read) about it ? ~ No, at that time I was too young (read) newspapers.

  6. Did you remember (book) seats for the theatre tomorrow? ~ Yes, I have tickets here. Would you like (keep) them ? I am inclined (lose) theatre tickets.

  7. Try (avoid) (be) late. He hates (be) kept (wait).

  8. I didn’t know how (get) to your house so I stopped (ask) the way.

  9. I wish my refrigerator would stop (make) that horrible noise. You can’t hear anyone (talk).

  10. This book tells you how (win) a game without actually (cheat).

  11. The gunman began (fire). He felt a bullet (graze) his cheek.

  12. He heard the clock (strike) six and knew that it was time for him (get) up.

  13. I can hear the bell (ring) but nobody seems (be coming) (open) the door.

  14. Did you advise him (go) to the police ? ~ No, I didn’t like (give) an advice on such a difficult matter.

  15. He wanted (put) my chameloen on a tartan rug and (watch) it (change) colour.

  16. It is easy (see) animals on the road in daylight but sometimes at night it is very difficult (avoid) (hit) them.

  17. The fire seems (be) out. ~ It can’t be quite out. I can hear the wood (crackle).

  18. I caught him (climb) over my wall. I asked him (explain) but he refused (say) anything, so in the end I had (let) him (go).

  19. When at last I succeeded in (convince) him that I wanted (get) home quickly he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) forward.

  20. I’m not used to (drive) on the left. ~ When you see someone else (do) it you’ll find it quite easy (do) yourself.


Loại bài tập 3 (Tự luận): Viết lại câu sau cho tương đương về nghĩa với câu đã cho.

  1. I dislike it when people criticize me unfairly.

 I object_________________________________________________

  1. The film star wore dark glasses so that no one could recognize him.

 The film star avoided _________________________________________

  1. “Stay here! I can’t let you go out tonight,” her mother said to Jane.

 Jane’s mother prevented ______________________________________

  1. “You didn’t pay attention to what I said,” the teacher said to the boy.

 The teacher accused__________________________________________

  1. “You should join the football team, Eric,” said the teacher.

 The teacher encouraged ______________________________________
Loại bài tập 4 (Tự luận): Viết lại câu sau cho tương đương về nghĩa với câu đã cho.

  1. Don’t forget / give / book / back / Joe.

  2. He / advised / me / not / drink / smoke / much.

  3. John / congratulated / me / pass / final exam.

  4. We / looking forward / meet / our children soon.

  5. Ann suggested / have / barbecue / instead / a fancy dress party.

The Passive Voice



Cách thuật lại một câu từ chủ động sang câu bị động:

Câu chủ động phải có đầy đủ các yếu tố: Chủ ngữ + động từ+ tân ngữ thì mới đổi sang câu bị động được.



Mẫu câu cơ bản:

Câu chủ động (Active) S+ V + O + phần còn lại của câu

Câu bị động (Passive) S + be + V-pp + phần còn lại + by+ O

  • Nếu S là They, People, hoặc Some(one/body) thì có thể lược bỏ (tức là by+ O sẽ bị lược bỏ)

  • S và O (I me, He  him, v.v..)

Sự biến đổi động từ trong quá trình đổi

Thì

Câu Chủ động

Câu bị động




Đơn (Hiện tại/ Quá khứ)

V

be+ Vpp

BE được chia là AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE

Tiếp diễn (Hiện tại/ Quá khứ)

be+ V-ing

Be+ being+ Vpp

Hoàn thành (Hiện tại/ Quá khứ)

(have)+ Vpp

(have)+ been+ Vpp

Have= Have, has, had

Khuyết thiếu (Modal)

Aux+ V-inf

Aux+ BE+ V-pp

BE ở dạng nguyên mẫu

Perfect Modal

Aux + Have+ Vpp

Aux + have been + Vpp




AUX= can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, be going to, be about to, have to, must…

Các mẫu câu cơ bản

  • People say that he is a liar  It is said that he is a liar hoặc  He is said to be a liar.

  • Don't bring the dog in  Let the dog not be brought in

  • It's your duty to clean the room  You are supposed to clean the room.

  • How long have you learnt English?

 How long has English been learnt by you?

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH



Loại bài tập 1: (Trắc nghiệm khách quan): Chọn A, B, C, hoặc D.

  1. Tom wrote that letter.

A. That letter wrote by Tom B. That letter was wrote by Tom

C. That letter was written by Tom D. That letter written by Tom



  1. Somebody cleans the room everyday.

A. Everyday is cleaned the room B. The room everyday is cleaned

C. The room is cleaned everyday D. The room cleaned everyday by somebody



  1. They cancelled all flights because of the fog.

A. Because of the fog was cancelled all flights B. All flights because of the fog were cancelled

C. All flights was cancelled because of the fog D. All flights wwere cancelled because of the fog



  1. People don’t use this road very often..

A. This road doesn’t use very often. B. Very often isn’t used this road.

C. This road isn’t used very often. D. This road is used very often.



  1. Somebody accused me of stealing money.

A. Me was accused of stealing money by somebody.

B. Me was accused of stealing money.

C. I was accused of stealing money.

D. I of stealing money was accused by somebody.



  1. How do people learn languages?

A. How do languages are learned? B. How are languages learnt?

B. How are people learned languages? D. How languages are learnt?



  1. People warned us not to go alone

  2. Somebody is using the computer at the moment

A. The computer is being used at the moment. B. At the moment is being used the computer

C. The computer is used at the moment D. The computer at the moment is being used



  1. I didn’t realize that somebody was recording our conversation.

A. That somebody was recording our conversation wasn’t realized by me.

B. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded.

C. That our conversation was being recorded wasn’t realized by me.

D. All are correct



  1. We found that they had cancelled the game.

A. That they had cancelled the game was found. B. We found that the game had been cancelled.

C. That the game had been cancelled was found. D. All are correct.



  1. They are building a new highway around the city.

A. A new highway around the city is built. B. A new highway is being built around the city

C. A new highway is being building around the city D. All are correct.



  1. They have built a new hospital near the airport

A. A new hospital near the airport has built B. A new hospital has been built near the airport.

C. Near the airport have been built a new hospital D. Near the airport has been built a new hospital.



  1. People should send their complaints to the head office

A. Their complaints should be sent to the head office

B. Their complaints should be send to the head office

C. Their complaints should be sended to the head office

D. Their complaints to the head office should be sent



  1. They had to postpone the meeting because of illness

A. The meeting because of the illness had to be postponed

B. The meeting had to be postponed because of the meeting

C. The meeting was had to postpone because of the illness

D. The meeting had to be postpone because of the illness



  1. Somebody might have stolen your car.

A. Your car might be have stolen B. Your car might have be stolen

C. Your car might have been stolen D. Your car might have been stealed



  1. An electrical fault could have caused the fire.

A. The fire could have caused by an electrical fault

B. The fire could have been caused by an electrical fault

C. The fire could have been caused an electrical fault

D. The fire could have been caused.



  1. They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco.

A. Next year’s congress in San Francisco are going to be held.

B. Next year’s congress is going to be held in San Francisco

C. In San Francisco is going to be held next year’s congress

D. Next year’s congress is going to be holded in San Francisco.



  1. They shouldn’t have played the football match in such bad weather.

A. The football match shouldn’t have been played in such bad weather.

B. The football match in such bad weather shouldn’t have been played.

C. In such bad weather shouldn’t have been played the football match by them.

D. In such bad weather they shouldn’t have been played the football match.



  1. The bill includes service.

A. Service is included in the bill. B. Service is included by the bill.

C. Service is include in the bill. D. Service is include by the bill.



  1. They have changed the date of the meeting.

A. The date of the meeting has been changed. B. The date of the meeting have been changed

C. The date has been changed of the meeting . D. The date have been changed of the meeting



  1. Brian told me that somebody had attacked him in the street.

A. I was told that somebody had attacked Brian in the street.

B. Brian told me that he had been attacked in the street.

C. I was told that Brian had been attacked in the street.

D. All are correct



  1. They didn’t offer Ann the job

A. Ann wasn’t offered the job B. The job wasn’t offered to Ann

C. Ann the job wasn’t offered D. All are correct



  1. They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview.

A. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview

B. A lot of questions at the interview will be asked by you

C. You a lot of questions will be asked at the interview

D. You a lot of questions at the interview will be asked



  1. Nobody told me that George was ill.

A. I wasn’t told that George was ill. B. That George was ill was told me

C. I was told that George was ill by nobody D. All are correct



  1. His colleagues gave him a present when he retired.

A. He was given a present by his colleagues when he retired.

B. A present was given to him when he retired by his colleagues

C. When he retired he was given a present by his colleagues

D. All are correct



  1. We will send you the results as soon as they are ready.

A. You will be sent the results as soon as they are ready

B. The results will be sent to you as soon as they are ready

C. As soon as the results are ready, they will be sent to you

D. All are correct



  1. I think they should have offered Tom the job.

A. It is thought that Tom should have been offered the job.

B. I think that Tom should have been offered the job.

C. I think that the job should have been offered to Tom

D. B and C are correct



  1. They say that many people are homeless after the tsunami.

A. It is said that many people are homeless after the tsunami

B. Many people are said to be homeless after the tsunami

C. That many people are homeless after the tsunami is said.

D. All are correct



  1. They know that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law.

A. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law

B. The Prime Minister is known to is in favor of the new law

C. That the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law are known

D. All are correct



  1. They expect that the government will lose the election.

A. It is expected that the government will lose the election.

B. That the government will lose the election is expected

C. The government is expected to lose the election

D. All are correct



  1. They think that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall

A. The prisoner is thought to escape by climbing over the wall.

B. That the prisoner escaped by climbing over the was was thought

C. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall

D. All are correct



  1. They believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window

A. It was believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window

B. The thieves are believed to get in through the kitchen window

C. The thieves are believed to have got in through the kitchen window

D. All are correct



  1. They report that over 200,000 people were killed in the tsunami.

A. It is reported that over 200,000 people were killed in the tsunami

B. Over 200,000 people are reported are reported to have been killed in the tsunami

C. That over 200,000 people were killed in the tsunami is reported

D. All are correct



  1. They say that three men were arrested after the explosion

A. Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion

B. It is said that after the explosion was arrested three men

C. Three men are said to be arrested after the explosion

D. All are correct



  1. The boys carried the box into the room.

A. The box was carried into the room by the boys B. The box into the room was carried by the boys

C. The box is carried into the room by the boys D. The box into the room is carried by the boys.



  1. Tom bought that book yesterday.

A. That book yesterday was bought by Tom B. That book was bought by Tom yesterday

C. That book was bought yesterday by Tom D. That book was buyed yesterday by Tom



  1. The old man treated the little boy badly

A. The little boy was treated badly by the old man. B. The little boy badly was treated.

C. The little boy badly was treated by the old man. D. All are correct



  1. A group of students have met their friends at the railway station

A. Their friends have been met at the railway station by a group of students.

B. Their friends at the railway station have been met by a group of students.

C. Their friends have been meeted at the railway station by a group of students.

A. At the railway station has met their friends by a group of students.



  1. They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.

A. Tom wasn’t allowed to take these books home. B. Tom was allowed to take these books home.

C. To take these books home wasn’t allowed Tom D. Tom to take these books home wasn’t allowed



  1. How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?

A. How many trees were cut down to build that fence?

B. How many were trees cut down to build that fence?

C. Were how many trees cut down to build that fence?

D. How many trees were cutted down to build that fence?



  1. This well-known library attracts many people

A. Many people are attracted by this well-known library

B. Many people are attracted in this well-known library.

C. Many people were attracted by this well-known library

D. Many people were attracted in this well-known library.



  1. How long has Mr. Smith taught you French?

A. How long have you been taught French by Mr. Smith?

B. How long has French been taught you by Mr. Smith?

C. How long have you French been taught?

D. All are correct



  1. They didn’t look after the children properly

A. After the children properly wasn’t looked B. The children properly wasn’t looked after

C. The children wasn’t looked after properly D. The children weren’t looked after properly



  1. How many lessons are you going to learn next month?

A. How many lessons are going to be learnt next month?

B. How many are lessons going to be learnt next month?

C. How many lessons are being going to learn next month?

D. Are how many lessons going to be learnt next month?



  1. She didn’t introduce me to her mother

A. Me wasn’t introduced to her mother by her B. I wasn’t introduced to her mother by her

C. Her mother wasn’t introduced to me by her D. B and C are correct


Loại bài tập 2 (Tự luận): Viết lại câu sau cho tương đương về nghĩa với câu đã cho.

  1. We have made great progress in our economy in the last few years.

 Great progress ______________________________________

  1. The workers are going to pull down that old building.

 That old building ______________________________________

  1. You can’t buy anything nice in that shop.

 Nothing _____________________________________________

  1. Without effort nothing can be gained.

 We_________________________________________________

  1. They said he had left Paris secretly in his private car.

 He _________________________________________________
Loại bài tập 3 (Tự luận): Viết lại câu sau cho tương đương về nghĩa với câu đã cho.


  1. Inflation / said / be getting / out / control.

  2. All / decorating will / finished / by / weekend.

  3. You / should have / car / look / the mechanic.

  4. We / made / empty / our suitcases / the customs official.

  5. It’s impossible / that plan / carried out.

The Sequence of Tenses

TÓM TẮT LÝ THUYẾT


Tenses

Forms

Uses

Symbols

Simple present

(Hiện tại đơn)



S + V (s/es)

S + don’t/doesn’t + V-inf

Do/ Does + S + V-inf?


Thói quen, sở thích , nghề nghiệp, chân lý.

Dùng cho các động từ chỉ nhận thức hoặc giác quan (think, believe, own, have...)



Các trạng từ chỉ tần suất như : every, always, often, usually, sometimes, once or twice a week

Present continuous (HT tiếp diễn)

S + be + V-ing

S + be + NOT + V-ing

Be + S + V-ing?

BE= is, am, are



Sự việc đang xảy ra lúc nói. Sự viêc sắp xảy ra ở tương lai gần.

Sự việc khác thường lệ.



Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như now, at present, at the moment, today, next

Simple past (Quá khứ đơn)

S + V2 (hoặc V-ed)

S + didn’t + V-inf

DID + S + V-inf?


Thói quen trong quá khứ hoặc Sự việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ có thời gian cụ thể.

Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như last, in/ at + thời gian, ago, when ...

Past continuous (QK tiếp diễn)

S + be + V-ing

S + be + NOT + V-ing

Be + S + V-ing?

BE= was, were



Sự việc đang xảy ra tài một thời điểm trong quá khứ.

Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như THEN, AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT

Các liên từ chỉ thời gian như WHEN, WHILE



Present perfect (HT hoàn thành)

S + have/has + V3/V-ed

S + have/has not + V3

Have/Has + S + V3?


Sự việc đã xảy ra nhưng không rõ t. gian.

Sự việc đã xảy ra và kéo dài đến lúc nói.

Sự việc lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ.

Sự việc vừa mới xảy ra.



since, for, just, lately, recently, ever, in the last, during the last, yet, this is the first time, so far, how long

Past Perfect

Quá khứ hoàn thành



S + had + V3/V-ed

S + had not + V3

Had + S + V3?


Sự việc đã hoàn tất trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ.

By + thời gian ở quá khứ

Before/ After

No sooner + had + S + V3 than S + V2


Simple Future (Tương lai đơn)

S + will + V-inf

S + won't + V-inf

Will + S + V-inf?


Câu điều kiện loại 1.

Hành động quyết định lúc nói.

Tiên đoán 1 sự việc trong tương lai.


Các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong tương lai như NEXT.

Câu bắt đầu với cấu trúc I am sure that/ I think/ promise that.



Near Future

(Tương lai gần)



S + be going to + Vinf

S + be not going to + Vinf

Be + S + going to+ Vinf?


Tiên đoán có cơ sở.

Sự việc sắp xảy ra ở tương lai gần.



Các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở tương lai gần như tonight, this weekend...


Sự phối hợp thì (câu có 2 vế):

  1. Nếu hai hành động liên tiếp xảy ra: cả hai đều dùng Hiện tại đơn hoặc quá khứ đơn (tuỳ theo mốc thời gian).

Ví dụ: She opened the door and saw an old man.

  1. Nếu hai hành động song song xảy ra: cả hai đều dùng Hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc quá khứ tiếp diễn (tuỳ theo mốc thời gian).

Ví dụ: Mary’s husband was working in the garden while she was cooking in the kitchen.

  1. Nếu 1 hành động đang xảy ra thì có 1 hành động khác cắt ngang: hành động đang xảy ra dùng HTTD hoặc QKTD; hành động cắt ngang dùng HTĐ hoặc QKĐ (tuỳ theo mốc thời gian).

Ví dụ: The phone rang while she was cooking in the kitchen.

  1. Nếu hai hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ không liên tiếp nhau: hành động xảy ra trước dùng QK hoàn thành; hành động xảy ra sau dùng QK đơn.

Ví dụ: After they had had dinner, they watched TV.
Sự phối hợp thì trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:

Adverbial clauses of time: bắt đầu bằng các liên từ chỉ thời gian như: when, whenever, before, after, since, as soon as, as, while, till, until, just as, no soonerthan, hardlywhen, as long as, etc.


Liên từ

Mệnh đề phụ (trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)

Mệnh đề chính




+ simple present (thói quen)

+ present continuous (sự việc đang xảy ra/ cắt ngang)

+ present perfect ( sự việc đã hoàn tất)


Simple present

+ present perfect (sự việc đã hoàn tất)

+ simple present (sự việc sẽ hoàn tất tại một điểm thời gian trong tương lai)



Future tenses (will or be going to)

Past tenses:

+ nếu hai hành động xảy ra liên tiếp nhau: cả 2 dùng quá khứ đơn.

+ nếu 2 hành động song song xảy ra: cả hai đều dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn.

+ nếu 1 hành động đang xảy ra thì có 1 hành động khác cắt ngang: hành động đang xảy ra dùng quá khứ tiếp diễn; hành động cắt ngang dùng quá khứ đơn.

+ nếu 2 hành động xảy ra không liên tiếp nhau: hành động xảy ra trước dùng quá khứ hoàn thành; hành động xảy ra sau dùng quá khứ đơn.


Past tenses

PHẦN BÀI TẬP



PHẦN BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM KHÁCH QUAN

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to complete each sentence

  1. Listen! I____________someone knock on the door.

A. am hearing B. hear C. have heard D. heard

  1. We____________a wonderful time during our last vacation.

A. had B. have had C. had had D. were having

  1. My mother____________ in this bookshop for 10 years

A. has worked B. worked C. is working D. was working

  1. Newton____________back to Cambridge in1667.

A. has gone B. was going C. goes D. went

  1. My mothers has retired____________.

A. for two years B. two years ago C. since D. yet

  1. He met her____________.

A. so far B. last week C. now D. every day

  1. My father____________TV last night.

A. isn’t watching B. didn’t watch C. doesn’t watch D. don’t watch

  1. My mother____________ in a bookshop this spring.

A. has worked B. worked C. is working D. was working

  1. Mai____________ dinner at the moment

A. has B. is having C. had D. has had

  1. My father____________ TV every night.

A. isn’t watching B. didn’t watch C. doesn’t watch D. don’t watch

  1. Mai____________ dinner when the light went out

A. has B. is having C. had D. was having

  1. They haven’t received their bonuses____________.

A. just B. ago C. yet D. now

  1. How long____________you____________ in Kon Tum?

A. lives B. do ... live C. have ..... lived D. had..... lived

  1. My mother____________ in a bookshop when she was young.

A. is working B. worked C. has worked D. was working

  1. Someone____________ at the door. Can you answer it?

A. knocks B. is knocking C. has knocked D. knocked

  1. John____________ at the moment, so he can’t answer the telephone.

A. works B. is working C. has worked D. will work

  1. Old Ted____________ twenty cigarettes a day till he gave up.

A. had smoked B. has smoked C. smoked D. smokes

  1. Michael____________ a word with Linda this morning.

A. has B. had C. has had D. had had

  1. We cleaned up the room as soon as the guests____________.

A. had left B. has left C. left D. were leaving

  1. Jane’s eyes are red. She____________.

A. cried B. has cried C. has been crying D. had cried

  1. The concert____________ at 7:15.

A. starts B. is staring C. has started D. is going to start

  1. Her family____________ to America before 1975.

A. went B. have gone C. had gone D. would go

  1. I____________ my key. Can you help me look for it?

A. lose B. lost C. had lost D. have lost

  1. I have learnt English____________ I was nine years old.

A. since B. for C. ago D. yet

  1. I____________ him since I____________ a student.

A. know/am B. knew/ was C. have known/was D. knew/ have been

  1. I____________ my homework yet.

A. have done B. did C. haven’t done D. A & B are correct

  1. Tim____________ a new job.

A. found B. was found C. has found D. has been found

  1. Since he left, I____________ nothing from him.

A. heard B. am going to hear C. have been heard D. have heard

  1. ____________ I last saw her, I haven’t heard from her

A. when B. ago C. for D. since

  1. How long____________you____________ English?

A. did….learn B. have…. learnt C. learned D. have learnt

  1. She has got married____________ ages.

A. for B. already C. since D. ago

  1. I have learnt English____________ nine years.

A. since B. for C. ago D. yet

  1. I ____________ my homework yesterday.

A. have done B. did C. haven’t done D. A & B are correct

  1. I began to learn English____________ I was in grade 6

A. when B. ago C. for D. since

  1. Almost everyone____________ for home by the time we arrived.

A. leave B. left C. leaves D. had left

  1. By the age of 25, he____________ two famous novels.

A. wrote B. wrote C. has written D. had written

  1. ____________ to rain before you woke up this morning?

A. Did it begin B. Has it begun C. Had it begun D. Would it begin

  1. My daughter saw an elephant this morning but she____________ one before.

A. had never seen B. has never seen C. never sees D. never had seen

  1. My mothers has retired____________.

A. for two years B. two years ago C. since D. yet

  1. I____________ that I____________ how to use tenses now

A. think/ know B. am thinking/ know C. think/ am knowing D. thinks/ knows

PHẦN TỰ LUẬN



I. Supply the correct verb forms: The Simple Present Tense, the Present Continuous Tense or Present Perfect:

  1. Be quiet! The baby (sleep).

  2. We seldom (eat) before 6.30.

  3. Look! A man (run) after the train. He (want) to catch it.

  4. The sun (set) in the West.

  5. It (be) often hot in the summer.

  6. I (do) an exercise on the present tenses at this moment and I (think) that I (know) how use it

  7. My mother sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market.

  8. It (be) very cold now.

  9. It (rain) much in summer. It (rain) now.

  10. Daisy (cook) some food in the kitchen at present. She always (cook) in the morning.

II. Supply the correct forms: Present Tenses:

  1. Listen! I (think) someone (knock) at the door.

  2. Up to the present we (write) almost every lesson in the book.

  3. The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days.

  4. The farmer (work) in the field at the moment.

  5. How many times you (see) him since he (go) to Edinburgh?

  6. Rivers usually (flow) to the sea.

  7. Look! The baby (cry).

  8. Do you know that man who (smoke) over there?

  9. Mrs. Green always (go) to work by bus?

  10. We (be) from French. We (be) there for 20 years.

III. Supply the correct forms: Past Tenses:

  1. Yesterday John (go) to the store before he (go) home.

  2. Our teacher (tell) us yesterday that he (visit) England in 1970.

  3. When John and I got to the theatre, the movie (start) already.

  4. Before Alice (go) to sleep, she (call) her family.

  5. When the phone (ring), I (have) dinner.

  6. Daisy (agree) with other members in the last meeting.

  7. What you (do) at 6 p.m. yesterday?

  8. The little girl asked what (happen) to her ice – cream.

  9. He (teach) in this school before he (leave) for England.

  10. She (win) a gold medal in 1986.

IV. Give the correct tenses of the verbs in parentheses:

  1. I (make) cakes for my birthday when he came

  2. I think he (phone) you as soon as he (know) the news.

  3. You (speak) to Mrs. Baker yesterday?

    • No, I (not see) her for a long time. I cannot remember when I last (see) her.

  4. He (leave) home two weeks ago and we (not hear) from him since then.

  5. He has slept for ten hours when I (come).

  6. They (not come) home until they (see) everything.

  7. How often you (go) to your English class? – Well, I (go) there twice a week.

  8. She (not go) to the film with us yesterday evening. She (see) it before.

  9. I have bought this house since my mother (die).

  10. My teacher (teach) English when we came to visit her yesterday.

  11. About ten years ago he (disappear) and I (never hear) from him since.

  12. How long he (teach) mathematics at our school? – I don’t know for sure. Maybe he (begin) teaching here in 1985.

  13. Where you (work) before you (come) here last month?

  14. When I (see) her tomorrow, I (remind) her of that.

  15. There (be) a lot of animals killed before the law forbidding hunting and fishing (come) in being.

  16. Mark (play) the guitar when he was six.

  17. When I (come) to see him yesterday, he was sleeping.

  18. After he (go) to school, he (go) to his mother’s store to help her.

  19. I dropped my pen when I (run) for the bus this morning.

  20. When I (get) there yesterday afternoon, everybody had already gone home.


II. Rewrite the following sentences so that their meanings stay the same.


  1. It’s ages since my sister was last here.

 My sister hasn’t ___________________________________

  1. My father began smoking when he was eighteen.

 My father has _____________________________________

  1. I haven’t spoken to her for two weeks.

 The last time _____________________________________

  1. It’s the first time he has failed an exam.

 He has __________________________________________

  1. How long have they been married?

 When ___________________________________________
III. Build sentences with the cues.


  1. I always talk / parents / before / make/ an important decision.

  2. A survey / conducted / American and Chinese students / determine / attitudes / love and marriage.

  3. Vinamilk / just / offered jobs / 27 members / Vietnam’s Women’s Football team.

  4. Most / the football players / will / jobless / when / the Games / over.

  5. It / Henry Davison / proposed / form / a federation of these National Societies.


Conditionals (Mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện)

    • Thường bắt đầu bằng liên từ chỉ điều kiện như if, unless, provided that, once, as long as, on the condition that (nếu, miễn là, với điều kiện là, trừ phi). Các liên từ này dùng để dẫn nhập các mệnh đề phụ chỉ điều kiện

Ví dụ: If it is fine tomorrow, I will go for a picnic

    • Nghĩa: Miễn là (if, provided that, on the condition that, as long as)

Trừ phi (unless)

    • Có 3 loại câu điều kiện chính

    • Câu điều kiện loại 1 (Conditional Type 1): dùng để chỉ một khả năng có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại:

If + S + V1, S + will/can + V-inf

Ví dụ: If it is fine tomorrow, we will go for a picnic.



Loại bài tập biến đổi: Câu cho sẵn sẽ có liên từ OR

Ví dụ: Be careful or you will make the same mistake again.

 If you are careful, you will not make the same mistake again.

hoặc If you are not careful, you will make the same mistake again.



    • Câu điều kiện loại 2 (Conditional Type 2): dùng để chỉ một điều kiện không có thực hoặc một khả năng không có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại:

If + S + V2, S + would/could + V-inf

Ví dụ: If I were you, I would go for a picnic

Nếu tôi là bạn, tôi sẽ đi dã ngoại (tất nhiên tôi không phải là bạn)

Loại bài tập biến đổi: Câu cho sẵn sẽ có liên từ BECAUSE, SO

Ví dụ: She is too young, so she can have a job now.

 If she were old(er), she would/could have a job now.

hoặc If you were not too young, she would/could have a job now



    • Câu điều kiện loại 3 (Conditional Type 3): dùng để chỉ một điều kiện không có thực hoặc một khả năng không có thể xảy ra ở quá khứ:

If + S + had V3, S + would/could have + V3

Ví dụ: If it had been fine yesterday, we would have gone for a picnic



Loại bài tập biến đổi: Câu cho sẵn sẽ có liên từ BECAUSE, SO

Ví dụ: She was ill yesterday, so she didn’t go to school

 If you had been well yesterday, she would have gone to school

hoặc If you had not been ill yesterday, she would have gone to school



    • Một số lưu ý:

+ Khi viết lại một câu điều kiện (đặc biệt là loại 2, 3) ta phải

Lùi thì: Câu đã cho ở Hiện tại  câu Điều kiện viết lại ở Quá khứ.

Câu đã cho ở Quá khứ  câu ĐK viết lại Quá khứ hoàn thành.



Đổi thể Câu đã cho ở khẳng định  câu điều kiện ở phủ định (thêm NOT) hoặc trái nghĩa (illnot ill hoặc well).

PHẦN BÀI TẬP

PHẦN BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM



I. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:

1. If there____________ a good programme on TV tonight, I’ll watch it.

A. is B. was C. were D. had been

2. John wouldn’t miss his favourite program if he____________ a video recorder.

A. buys B. bought C. had bought D. didn’t buy

3. If I had known you were in hospital, I____________ to see you.

A. will go B. would go C. went D. would have gone

4. I could tell you what this means if I____________ Greek.

A. know B. will know C. knew D. would know

5. My family____________ to the beach for our holiday if we have enough money.

A. go B. will go C. would go D. would have gone

6. If I were offered the job, I think I____________ it.

A. will take B.would take C. would have taken D. took

7. I’ll send you some information if you____________ me your address.

A. will tell B. told C. tells D. tell

8. If I had a typewriter I____________ it myself.

A. typed B. would type C. has typed D. will typed

9. If Kate is late again, she____________ her job.

A. lose B. loses C. will lose D. would lose

10. If he worked more slowly he____________ so many mistakes.

A. wouldn’t make B. won’t make C. didn’t make D. wouldn’t made

11. If I had had a motorbike, I____________ home immediately.

A. would go B. would have gone C. would have go D. will go

12. There____________ enough room if everyone comes.

A. wouldn’t be B. won’t be C. isn’t D. are

13.You____________ sick if you eat all that ice- cream.

A. would be B. will be C. won’t be D. would have been

14. More tourists would come to this country if it____________ a better climate.

A. had B. has had C. has D. had had

15. If he had worked hard, he____________ his examination.

A. would pass B. will pass C. would have passed D. wouldn’t have passed

16. If I____________ a big prize in a lottery I’d give up my job.

A. won B. had won C. has won D. am won

17. We’ll get wet if we____________ out.

A. go B. went C. did go D. had gone

18. You won’t pass the examination____________ you study more.

A.as long as B.unless C.if D.whether

19. If I sold my car, I____________ much money for it.

A. wouldn’t get B. would get C. wouldn’t have got D. will get

20. If I see him I____________ him a lift.

A. gave B. would give C. were given D. will give

21. If the rain____________ , I would have gone for a walk.

A. stops B. stopped C. had stopped D. has stopped

22. What will happen if my parachute____________?

A. didn’t open B. don’t open C. doesn’t open D. no opened

23. What____________ if you found a burglar in your house?

A. will you do B. would you do C. are you doing D. have you done

24. The table won’t collapse____________ you stand on it.

A.as long as B.unless C.if D.whether

25. If I had had enough money, I____________ a new motobike.

A. would buy B. would have buy C. would have bought D. will buy

26. ____________ I find your passport , I will telephone you at once.

A. Till B. Unless C. Until D.If

27. Tom got to the station in time to catch his train. If he____________ the train, he____________ late for his interview.

A. missed/would have been B. had missed/would be

C. missed/would be D. had missed/would have been

28. I’m sure Sue would understand____________ you explained the situation to her.

A. unless B. if C. when D. until

29. He wouldn’t have begun to learn Russian if he____________ the difficulty.

A. know B. knew C. has known D. had known

30. It’s good that you reminded me about Lan’s birthday. I____________ if she____________ me.

A. would forget/hadn’t reminded B. would have forgotten/didn’t remind

C. would forget/didn’t remind D. would have gorgotten/hadn’t reminded

31. You can use my book____________ you look after it carefully.

A. whether B. until C. unless D. as long as

32.Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York. I____________ you a postcard if I____________ your address.

A.would have sent/had had B.would have sent/had

C.would send/had D.would send/had had

33. If we____________ more rain now, our crop____________ faster.

A. have/ will grow B. had/ would grow

C. will have/ grow D. would have/ grew

34. ____________Tony rings, tell him I’m at Mary’ house.

A. whether B. if C.unless D. until

35. You don’t ask me. If you____________ me, I____________ it to you.

A. ask/ will explain B. asked/ would explain

C. will ask/ explain D. would ask/ explained

36. If it____________ a nice day tomorrow, we____________ swimming.

A. is/ will go B. will be/ go C. was/ would go D. would be/ go

37. John didn’t install an alarm. If he____________ it, the thieves____________ into his house.

A. had installed/ wouldn’t have broken B. had installed/ would have broken

C. installed/ would break D. installed/ wouldn’t break

38. ____________ you show your identity card, you won’t be able to get into the examination room.

A.if B. providing C.whether D. unless

39. I wasn’t a famous director. If I____________ a famous director, I____________ a film with him.

A. was / would make B. would be/ made

C. had been/ would have made D. would have been/ had made

40. You won’t be allowed to take the entrance examination to the university____________ you fail the GCSE examination.

A. whether B. until C. unless D. as long as

41. We didn’t go because it rained can be rewritten as____________

A. If it hadn’t rained, we would have gone B. If it had rained, we wouldn’t have gone

C. If it didn’t rain, we wouldn’t have gone D. If it had rained, we would haven’t gone

42. Peter eats so many chips so he is fat can be rewritten as____________

A. If Peter not ate so many chips, he wouldn’t be fat.

B. If Peter ate so many chips, he would be fat.

C. If Peter didn’t eat so many chips, he wouldn’t be fat.

D. If Peter weren’t fat, he would have eaten so many chips.

43. Do more homework or you won’t pass the exam can be rewritten as____________

A.If you do more homework , you will pass the exam.

B. If you do more homework , you won’t pass the exam.

C. If you pass the exam , you will do more homework .

D. If you don’t more homework , you won’t pass the exam.

44. Sarah doesn’t study hard. She hates school can be rewritten as____________

A. If Sarah hated school, she would study hard.

B. If Sarah studied hard, she wouldn’t hate school.

C. If Sarah liked school, she would study hard.

D. If Sarah studied hard, she would like school.

45. He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train can be rewritten as____________

A.If he had hurried, he wouldn’t have missed the train.

B. If he had hurried, he would have caught the train.

C. Had he hurried, he would have caught the train.

D. All are correct.

46. I can’t translate this. I don’t speak Korean can be rewritten as____________

A. If I didn’t speak Korean, I couldn’t translate this.

B. If I spoke Korean, I could translate this.

C. If I translated this, I could speak Korean.

D. If I didn’t translate this, I couldn’t speak Korean.

47. Prepare the lesson carefully or you will get bad marks can be rewritten as____________

A. If you don’t prepare the lesson carefully, you will get bad marks.

B. If you prepare the lesson carefully, you won’t get bad marks.

C. If you prepare the lesson carefully, you will get good marks.

D. All are correct.

48.He lost his job because he was late every day can be rewritten as____________

A.If he had been late every day, he would have lost his job.

B. If he hadn’t been late every day, he wouldn’t have lost his job.

C. If he hadn’t been late every day, he would have lost his job.

D. If he had been late every day, he wouldn’t have lost his job.

49. He is tired. He works twelve hours a day can be rewritten as____________

A. He wouldn’t be tired if he didn’t work twelve hours a day.

B. He would be tired if he worked twelve hours a day.

C. He wouldn’t work twelve hours a day if he were tired.

D. He would work twelve hours a day if he weren’t tired.

50. You didn’t tell me earlier. That’s why I didn’t give it to you can be rewritten as_______

A. I wouldn’t have given it to you if you hadn’t told me earlier.

B. I would haven’t given it to you if you had told me earlier.

C. I would have given it to you if you had told me earlier.

D. Had you told me earlier, I wouldn’t have given it to you .



PHẦN BÀI TẬP TỰ LUẬN

1. Viết lại các câu cho dưới đây sao cho nghĩa tương đương với câu đã cho.

1. The music was playing loudly at the restaurant, so I didn’t hear everything Mr. Lee said during the dinner.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

2. Debra doesn’t have car. She doesn’t go out in the evening.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

3. My husband didn’t leave the car keys, so I couldn’t pick him up at the station.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

4. He is overweight. He eats too much.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

5. If Robert had not started smoking cigarettes, he would not have got a bad cough.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

6. The test is too difficult for me to finish .

 If_______________________________________________________________________

7. They don’t travel far a lot. They are afraid of flying.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

8. Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

9. They don’t read a lot. They can’t find the time.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

10. We would get lost if we didn’t have a map.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

11. I was able to buy the car only because Hoa lent me the money.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

12. Keep silent or you wake the baby up.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

13. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

14. The room would not be cold if they didn’t leave the door open.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

15. I didn’t know that Lam had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

16. I did not get a taxi because I did not have any money on me.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

17. Unless the thief had left his gloves at the scene, he wouldn’t have been arrested.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

18. I didn’t know you were coming to Hanoi. That’s I went on holiday.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

19. Unless you hurry up you will be late for the meeting.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

20. She walked to the meeting. She was late.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

21. The women didn’t say what she wanted. I put the phone down.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

22. They didn’t arrive in time. They didn’t see the ceremony.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

23. A bull was blocking the road, so we didn’t arrive on time.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

24. If you don’t send the application form on time, you won’t be allowed to take the entrance exam.

 Unless_______________________________________________________________________

25. They weren’t paying attention, so we didn’t see the sign marking their exit from the highway.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

26. Carol would have answered the phone if she hadn’t been studying.

 Unless_______________________________________________________________________

27. The sun was shining, so we went to the beach yesterday.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

28. If you don’t have a reference letter, you won’t be able to submit your application form.

 Unless_______________________________________________________________________

29. I wasn’t working at the restaurant last night. I didn’t wait on your table.

 If_______________________________________________________________________

30. You won’t know what to do unless you listen carefully.

 If_______________________________________________________________________
2. Xây dựng các câu với những từ gợi ý.


  1. If I / know that / you were there, we / write / you a letter.

  2. If / you / write / him, / he / might / reply / letter.

  3. If the doctor / have / the morning office hours, he / visit / his patients / the hospital / the morning.

  4. Unless he / speak / quickly, / I / could understand / him

  5. Without / passport, she / couldn’t / left / country.

The clauses and phrases of concession

(Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ)

Hình thức:

1. The Clause of concession: (Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ) là mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng các liên từ Although, Though, Even though (dù, cho dù, mặc dù)




Although/ even though/ though + a clause ( S + V...)


E.g.: + Although he was ill, he went to school.

+ Even though they hadn’t eaten for 12 hours, they didn’t feel hungry.

2. The phrases of concession: (Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ) là các cụm từ bắt đầu bằng các từ nối In spite of, Despite (Dù, cho dù ,mặc dù)



In spite of / despite + noun/ noun phrase/ V-ing(Gerund)


E.g.: + Despite his illness, he went to school.

+ In spite of not having eaten for 12 hours, they didn’t feel hungry.


The clauses and phrases of reason

(Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ lý do)



Hình thức:

1. The clause of reason: (Mệnh đề chỉ lý do) là mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng các liên từ Because, Since, As (vì, bởi vì)

Because / since / as + a clause ( S + V...)


E.g.: + Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.

+ Since she hadn’t been in the rain for hours, she caught a cold.



2. The phrases of reason: (Cụm chỉ lý do ) là các cụm từ bắt đầu bằng các từ nối Because of (Vì, bởi vì)



Because of + noun / noun phrase / V-ing(Gerund)


E.g.: + Because of his illness, he didn’t go to school yesterday.

+ Because of having been in the rain for hours, she caught a cold.


Qui tắc biến đổi câu từ Mệnh đề sang Cụm từ và ngược lại (áp dụng cho cả 02 loại mệnh đề

(Although ↔ In spite of/Despite; Because ↔Because of)


  1. Nếu 2 vế cùng chủ ngữ: ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề bằng cách bỏ chủ ngữ (sau Although/ Even though) và lấy Vpp (câu bị động) hoặc V-ing (câu chủ động)

Ví dụ 1: Although she was ill, she still went to school

Despite being ill, she still went to school

Ví dụ 2: Although she was wounded, she refused to be taken to hospital.



In spite of (being) wounded, she refused to be taken to hospital.

  1. Nếu sau Because/Although là be + adj/Noun, ta có thể rút gọn bằng cách chuyển Adj thành Noun hoặc lấy Noun sau động từ to be đó

Ví dụ: Although it was rainy, the game still went on

In spite of the rain, the game still went on



  1. Nếu sau Because/Although là V + Adv, ta có thể rút gọn bằng cách chuyển Adv thành Adj và chuyển V thành Noun

Ví dụ: Although it rained heavily, she still went to school

In spite of the heavy rain, she still went to school

  1. Nếu sau Because/Although là Chủ ngữ +V/ (be) + V3, ta có thể rút gọn bằng cách chuyển V/ V3 thành Noun 1Chủ ngữ làm Noun 2



PHẦN BÀI TẬP

Exercise 1. Complete sentences with although (even though, though) / despite (in spite of):

  1. ____________ he had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.

  1. The pilot will bring the plane down safely____________ the bad weather.

  2. ____________ her diet, she eats the chocolate cake.

  3. I love music____________ I can’t play any musical instrument.

  4. We took many pictures____________ the cloudy sky.

  5. ____________ she was teribbly tired, she went on walking.

  6. ____________ it was cold, he went swimming.

  7. She was admitted to the university____________ her slow grades.

  8. ____________ Henry has failed so often, he has never been disappointed.

  9. She managed to smile____________ her broken leg.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blank with Because of, in spite of ( despite), because or although:

  1. ____________ the traffic jam, I came late for the interview.

  2. I went to the meeting on time____________ the heavy traffic.

  3. They had to cancel the match____________ the bad weather.

  4. We decided to catch the early train____________ we knew it would be full of people going to work.

  5. ____________ the machine was broken and the restaurant was till closed.

  6. ____________ the fact that we were very disappointed, we were determined to enjoy the day.

  7. He managed to walk to the first village____________ his broken leg.

  8. My brother didn’t pass the exam____________ not studying hard.

  9. ____________ studying hard, she didn’t pass the exam.

  10. ____________ the fact he was very lazy, he passed the exam.

  11. My mother jogs every morning____________ she is very old.

  12. ____________ the extremely bad weather, my friends decided to cancel the camping trip.

  13. ____________ the salary doesn’t meet my expectations, I will accept the job offer.

  14. It looks like they are going to succeed____________ their present difficulties.

  15. You had to stop working hard____________ you got sick.

  16. It was difficult to deliver the letter____________ there was no address on it.

  17. We had to change our trip____________ the bad weather.

  18. The chickens were killed in thousands____________ the disease.

  19. We had to call her____________ her baby was ill.

  20. He had to repeat class____________ his poor grades.

  21. We shouldn’t leave the party early____________ it was boring.

  22. They visited her often____________ she retired 5 years ago.

  23. She wasn’t awarded the scholarship____________ working hard..

  24. He was awarded the scholarship____________ his talents..

  25. I couldn’t go to the park yesterday afternoon____________ it rained heavily.

  26. The inhabitants here don’t want to leave their village____________ they love their beautiful

age-old tradition.

  1. The children were swimming for hours____________ the water was cold.

  2. ____________ the heavy rain, the place is flooded.

  3. ____________ too much littering on the sidewalk, we don’t like to take a walk here.

  4. Ann works very hard for the exam____________ her poor health.

  5. ____________ the rapid development of supermarkets, the traditional market may continue to exist.

  6. There have been a lot of accidents on this road____________ too many potholes on it.

  7. ____________ his successful business, he encourages his children to work hard and earn their

own living.

  1. Mrs. Brown is very happy____________ her son’s success in the exam.

  2. ____________ his low income, Mr. Johnson tried to send his four children to university.

  3. My friend was very sad____________ her mother’s death last week.

  4. The picnic was delayed____________ the storm.

  5. 38. Yesterday we didn’t go to school____________ our teacher’s sickness.

  6. 39.Everyone loves her____________ her good behaviour.

  7. The meeting wasn’t postponed____________ the president’s absence.




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