What vµ whose
+ What (the thing/ the things that) cã thÓ lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u chÝnh vµ ®ång thêi lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô.
VÝ dô:
What we are expecting is his exam result.
+ whose (cña ngêi mµ, cña con mµ)
- Thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt ®øng tríc nã vµ chØ sù së h÷u cña ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt ®ã ®èi víi danh tõ ®»ng sau.
VÝ dô:
I found the cat whose leg was broken.
- §èi víi bÊt ®éng vËt vÉn cã thÓ dïng whose trong nh÷ng trêng hîp b×nh thêng. Tuy nhiªn, trong nh÷ng trêng hîp tiÕng Anh quy chuÈn nªn dïng of which.
VÝ dô:
Checking accout, of which interest is quite high, is common now.
C¸ch lo¹i bá c¸c mÖnh ®Ò phô
- Trong nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc, ngêi ta cã thÓ lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ vµ ®éng tõ bo be (cïng víi c¸c trî ®éng tõ cña nã nÕu cã) trong nh÷ng trêng hîp sau ®©y:
Khi nã ®øng tríc mét mÖnh ®Ò phô mµ cÊu tróc ®éng tõ ë thÓ bÞ ®éng.
VÝ dô:
This is the Z value which was obtained from the table areas under the normal curve.
HoÆc
This is the Z value obtained from the table areas under the normal curve.
Tríc mét ng÷ giíi tõ (mét giíi tõ më ®Çu kÕt hîp víi c¸c danh tõ theo sau).
VÝ dô:
The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution.
HoÆc
The beaker on the counter contains a solution.
Tríc mét cÊu tróc ®éng tõ ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn.
VÝ dô:
The girl who is running down the street might be in trouble.
HoÆc
The girl running down the street might be in trouble.
Ngoµi ra, trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta cã thÓ lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh, thay vµo ®ã b»ng 1 Ving nÕu nh ®¹i tõ quan hÖ ®øng s¸t ngay danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.
VÝ dô:
Weeds that float on the surface should be removed before they decay.
Weeds floating on the surface should be removed before they decay.
- §èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc ta cã thÓ lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ to be khi nã ®øng tríc mét ng÷ danh tõ, nhng phÇn ng÷ danh tõ cßn l¹i vÉn ph¶i ®øng trong 2 dÊu phÈy.
VÝ dô:
Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
hoÆc
Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
- Ngoµi ra, ta cßn cã thÓ lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh vµ thay vµo ®ã b»ng 1 Ving khi nã ®i bæ nghÜa cho 1 t©n ng÷.
VÝ dô:
The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him.
Hay
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him.
C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ 1 trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt
- Khi 2 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc th× hµnh ®éng thø 2 ë d¹ng Ving. Hai hµnh ®éng nµy kh«ng ng¨n c¸ch víi nhau bëi bÊt kú 1 dÊu phÈy nµo.
VÝ dô:
He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling.
- Khi hµnh ®éng thø 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sau ®ã lµ 1 phÇn trong tiÕn tr×nh cña hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt th× hµnh ®éng thø 2 vµ c¸c hµnh ®éng theo sau ®ã ë d¹ng Ving. Nã ng¨n c¸ch víi hµnh ®éng chÝnh b»ng 1 dÊu phÈy.
VÝ dô:
She went out and slammed the door = she went out, slamming the door.
- Khi hµnh ®éng thø 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng theo sau nã lµ kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt th× hµnh ®éng thø 2 sÏ ë d¹ng Ving.
VÝ dô:
He fired two shots, killing a robber and wounding the other.
- Hµnh ®éng thø 2 kh«ng cÇn ph¶i cã chung chñ ng÷ víi hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt, nã chØ cÇn lµ kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt th× còng ®· ®ñ ë d¹ng Ving.
VÝ dô:
The plane crashed, its bombs exploding when it hit the ground.
Lu ý: C¸c trêng hîp trªn ®©y thêng ®îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt.
C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh
To have + P2
S
+ to have + P2
hould like
would like
(DiÔn ®¹t íc muèn nhng kh«ng thµnh.)
VÝ dô:
I would (should) like to have passed the test last week.
He to have seen the photos =
Should like
would like
He have liked to see the photos =
would
should
(but he couldn’t)
- Nã dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ : To seem/ appear/ happen (dêng nh) / pretend (gi¶ vê).
- Nªn nhí r»ng hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
VÝ dô:
He seems to have been an athlete = It seems that he has been an athlete.
He pretended not to have known about that.
= He pretended that he hadn’t known about that.
Dïng víi sorry.
To be sorry + to have + P2
Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc.
The girl were sorry to have missed the rock concert.
= The girl were sorry that they had missed the rock concert.
Dïng víi mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ sau ®©y ë thÓ bÞ ®éng.
To acknowledge, to belive, to understand, to consider, to find, to know, to report, to say, to suppose, to think.
- nªn nhí hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
VÝ dô:
He is said to have been out of the country.
It is said that he has been out of the country.
Nã cßn ®îc sö dông víi mét sè ®éng tõ : claim/ expect/ hope/ promise.
- Trong trêng hîp nµy, hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë d¹ng t¬ng lai hoµn thµnh.
VÝ dô:
He expects to have finished the homework tonight.
= He expects that he will have finished the homework tonight.
He promised to have told me about that event.
= He promised that he would have told me about that event.
(lÏ ra kh«ng cÇn ph¶i)
VÝ dô:
You needn’t have hurried, we still have enough time now.
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