2 Fluid
fl ow ..................................................................................................... 27
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 27
2.2 Elements of fl uid dynamics .................................................................... 27
2.2.1
Viscosity .................................................................................... 27
2.2.2 Fluid fl ow regimes ...................................................................... 28
2.2.3 Typical applications of Newtonian laminar fl ow .......................... 30
2.2.3a Laminar fl ow in a cylindrical channel (pipe or tube) ........ 30
2.2.3b Laminar fl uid fl ow on fl at surfaces and channels ............. 33
2.2.3c Laminar fl uid fl ow around immersed particles ................. 34
2.2.3d Fluid fl ow through porous media .................................... 36
2.2.4 Turbulent fl uid fl ow ................................................................... 36
2.2.4a Turbulent Newtonian fl uid fl ow in a cylindrical channel
(tube or pipe) ............................................................................ 37
2.2.4b Turbulent fl uid fl ow around immersed particles .............. 39
2.3 Flow properties of fl uids ........................................................................ 40
2.3.1
Types of fl uid fl ow behavior ........................................................ 40
2.3.2 Non-Newtonian fl uid fl ow in pipes ............................................. 41
2.4 Transportation of fl uids ........................................................................ 43
2.4.1
Energy relations, the Bernoulli Equation ..................................... 43
2.4.2 Pumps: Types and operation ...................................................... 46
2.4.3 Pump selection .......................................................................... 52
2.4.4 Ejectors ..................................................................................... 55
2.4.5 Piping ....................................................................................... 56
2.5 Flow of particulate solids (powder fl ow) ................................................ 56
2.5.1
Introduction .............................................................................. 56
2.5.2 Flow properties of particulate solids ........................................... 57
2.5.3 Fluidization ............................................................................... 62
2.5.4 Pneumatic transport .................................................................. 65
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