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RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
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RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES I. Restrictive Relative Clauses: - Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa. Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week. à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week. * LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH hạn định.
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa. - Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. - Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi: + Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/… + Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old. à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor. - Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him. à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. - The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday. à The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty - The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise. à The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students. * LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không hạn định.
1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 5. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 7. The young man is Ba’s brother. He is talking to our teacher. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 9. The boys are interested in the game. It is a popular game all over the world. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 12. I don’t like the films. They have unhappy ending. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 13. I know the man. His son broke your windows. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 15. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 16. She hasn’t eat anything. This makes her parents worried. à………………………………………………….…………………………….. 17. The student is from China. He sits next to me. à………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me. à ………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. Mr. Pike is excellent. I am taking his course. à………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. Shakespeare wrote plays . People have enjoyed them for four centuries. à………………………………………………………………………………………… B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES 1) Dùng phân từ: a) Dùng cụm V-ing : Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động The man who is standing there is my brother. The man standing there is my brother b) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed) Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động . I like books which were written by Nguyen Du. I like books written by Nguyen Du. 2) Dùng cụm to inf: (... Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P... ) -Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây : ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND... Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động) This is the only student to do the problem. -Động từ là HAVE Ex: I have something that I must do now. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động) I have something to do now. -Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE) Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động) There are six letters to be written today. GHI NHỚ : Trong phần to inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau: - Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf. Ex: We have some picture books that children can read. We have some picture books for children to read. Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không cần ghi ra. Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about. Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about. - Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu. Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat. We have a peg to hang our coat on. 3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ ) Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ Cách làm: -bỏ who ,which và be Ex: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. Football, Football, a popular sport, is very good for health. Ex: Do you like the book which is on the table? Do you like the book on the table? PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN: Bước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT... Bước 2 : Bước này chủ yếu là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ 1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 3 . 2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which... có các dấu hiệu first ,only...v..v không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 2 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb ) 3. Nếu không có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-NG hay P.P.. EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with. à………………………………………………………………………………………… I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with. à………………………………………………………………………………………… I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in. à………………………………………………………………………………………… The floor is dirty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with. à………………………………………………………………………………………… My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in. à………………………………………………………………………………………… She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards. à………………………………………………………………………………………… You are the last person who saw her alive. à………………………………………………………………………………………… He simple loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes. à………………………………………………………………………………………… The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which had been built on the Clyde. à………………………………………………………………………………………… He was the second man who was killed in this way. à………………………………………………………………………………………… Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon. à………………………………………………………………………………………… Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament. à………………………………………………………………………………………… Here are some accounts that you must check. à………………………………………………………………………………………… People who listen to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss . à………………………………………………………………………………………… He was the man who was saved in the fire . à………………………………………………………………………………………… Anyone who doesn’t want to take part in the meeting must inform the board. à………………………………………………………………………………………… The teacher who takes the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan. à………………………………………………………………………………………… .She’s just bought a handbag which was made of crocodile skin. à………………………………………………………………………………………… I met a man who had been working in this factory for a long time. à………………………………………………………………………………………… The story which was told by my grandma was interesting. à………………………………………………………………………………………… EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER: 1. That’s my friend,_______________ comes from Japan. A. which B. who C. whom D. where. 2. The plants which______________ in the living room need a lot of water. A. are B. be C. is D. was 3. She’s the woman_______________ sister looks after the baby for us. A. who B. which C. that’s D. whose 4. That’s the doctor for________________ Cliff works. A. that B. which C. whom D. whose 5. Marie,______________ I met at the party, called me last night. A. that B. whom C. which D. whose 6. I remember Alice,______________ rode the bus to school with. A. I B. whom I C. which I D. who 7. I used to enjoy the summer, ______________ we had a big family picnic. A. where B. when C. which D. that 8. Tell me about the city ______________ you grew up. A. that B. where C. which D. ø 9. Anna found the book that ________________ wanted at the bookshop. A. ø B. where C. she D. which 10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books _____________ are due this week. A. ø B. that C. when D. they 11. He likes the dress. Huong is wearing it A. He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it B. He likes the dress Huong is wearing it C. He likes the dress who Huong is wearing D. He likes the dress Huong is wearing 12. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come. B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come. C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come. D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
A. What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning? B. What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning? C. What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning? D. What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?
A. The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old. B. The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old. C. The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old. D. The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old.
A. The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents. B. The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents. C. The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing. D. The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it. 
Famous people One evening, Mrs. Alda asked her husband to take her to a very expensive restaurant in the city, because a lot of movie starts and other famous people ate there, and she was curious to see some of them. Soon after Mr. and Mrs. Alda had ordered their meal, a very attractive man and a woman came into the restaurant and sat down at a table nearby. They were beautifully dressed, and Mrs. Alda said to her husband, “Look at those people, George! I’m sure I’ve seen their pictures somewhere.” The man and the woman gave their order to the waiter, and when he brought Mr. and Mrs. Alda their soup, Mrs. Alda said to him, “Who are those people? Do you know them?” “Oh, they’re nobody famous,” he answered at once. “Really?” Mrs. Alda asked with surprise. “How do you know that?” “Because they asked me who you were,” he answered. Những người nổi tiếng Một tối, bà Alda nói chồng đưa bà tới một nhà hàng rất sang trọng trong thành phố vì có nhiều minh tinh màn bạc cùng những nhân vật nổi tiếng đến ăn ở đó và bà tò mò muốn trông thấy họ. Chẳng bao lâu sau khi ông bà Alda gọi thức ăn thì có một người đàn ông và một người đàn bà quyến rũ bước vào nhà hàng, họ ngồi xuống một bàn gần bàn của bà Alda. Họ ăn mặc rất đẹp và bà Alda nói với chồng: -“Anh George, nhìn họ kìa! Em chắc đã thấy hình của họ ở đâu đó rồi.” Người đàn ông và người đàn bà kia kêu món ăn họ muốn và khi anh hầu bàn đưa món súp cho ông bà Alda, bà Alda hỏi anh: -“Những người đó là ai thế? Anh có biết họ không?” -“À, họ không phải là những người nổi tiếng đâu,” anh hầu bàn trả lời ngay. “Thật không? Làm sao anh biết được điều đó? Bà Alda ngạc nhiên hỏi. -“Vì họ cũng hỏi tôi xem ông bà là ai,” anh hầu bàn trả lời. Word forms A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ: I- DANH TỪ: 1) Tiền tố: super-/under-/sur-/sub-/over- + N ---> N supermarket siêu thị underachievement đạt dưới mức surface bề mặt superman siêu nhân subway tàu điện ngầm overexpenditure chi tiêu quá 2) Hậu tố: a) V + -ion/-tion/-ation/-ition/-sion ---> N addition sự thêm vào production sản xuất conservation sự bảo tồn repetition sự lặp lại permission sự cho phép pollution sự ơ nhiễm b) V + -ment/-ance/-ence/-age/-ing/-al ---> N employment việc làm attendance sự có mặt difference sự khác nhau marriage sự kết hôn swimming việc bơi lội arrival sự đến
driver tài xế actor diễn viên nam accountant kế tóan employee người làm thuê interviewee người được phỏng vấn applicant người xin việc
physicist nhà vật lý American người Mỹ librarian thủ thư actress nữ diễn viên musician nhạc sĩ scientist nhà khoa học
difficulty khó khăn responsibility trách nhiệm happiness sự hạnh phúc capitalism Chủ nghĩa tư bản freedom sự tự do friendship tình bạn
the poor, the blind, the deaf, the old, the sick, the weak, the unemployed, the disabled, the dead, the young… II- ĐỘNG TỪ: 1) Tiền tố: a) dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V ---> V disagree khơng đồng ý misunderstand hiểu nhầm redo làm lại overcook nấu quá chín undersell bán rẻ hơn outweigh nặng hơn b) en- + N/V/Adj ---> V enable làm cho cĩ thể endanger gây nguy hiểm enrich làm giàu 2) Hậu tố: Adj/N + -ize/-en/-ate/-fy ---> V industrialize Công nghiệp hóa widen làm rộng ra originate bắt nguồn beautify làm đẹp lighten làm nhẹ đi modernize hiện đại hóa
1) Tiền tố: un-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/dis- + Adj ---> Adj unlucky không may inexact không chính xác impossible không thể irregular không có qui tắc illogical không hợp lý dishonest không trung thực 2) Hậu tố: a) N + -ly/-like/-less/-ish/-y/-ful/-al/-ic/ ---> Adj daily hằng ngày childlike như con nít treeless không có cây selfish ích kỷ rainy có mưa peaceful hòa bình agricultural nông nghiệp scientific khoa học successful thành công b) V/N + -ive/-able/-ible ---> Adj attractive hấp dẫn acceptable có thể chấp nhận defensible có thể bảo vệ eatable có thể ăn được active năng động comprehensible có thể hiểu
Slowly một cách chậm chạp carefully một cách cẩn thận safely một cách an tòan B- MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP: 1. a/ an/ the/ this/ that… my/ her/ his…/ Mary’s + (adj) + N many/ some/ a lot of… Ex: She is a beautiful girl. 2. danh từ chỉ sự đo lường, tuổi tác + (adj) Ex: This table is two meters long. He’s twenty years old. 3. V (MAKE, KEEP, FIND…) + O ADJ Ex: We should keep our room clean. 4. Linking verbs (be, become, feel, look, taste, sound, smell, seem, get, appear…) + ADJ Ex: It becomes hot today. 5. đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…) + ADJ Ex: Do you have anything important to tell me? 6. ADV + ADJ Ex: Your story is very interesting. 7. Hình thức hiện tại phân từ (-ING): Diễn tả nhận thức của người nói về người/việc gì đó. Ex: That film is interesting. (Bộ phim đó hay.) (Người xem nhận thấy bộ phim hay.) Hình thức quá khứ phân từ (-ED): Diễn tả cảm giác của người nói do người/việc gì đó đem lại. Ex: I am confused about the question. (Tôi bị bối rối về câu hỏi.) (Câu hỏi làm tôi bối rối.) 8. Trạng từ thể cách bổ nghĩa cho động từ Ex: She drives carefully
- fast (nhanh), early (sớm), late (trễ), hard (chăm chỉ) vừa là tính từ vừa là trạng từ. Ex: Jack is a very fast runner. Jack can run very fast. - Phân biệt: late (trễ) lately (gần đây) (= recently) hard (chăm chỉ) hardly (hầu như không) - Một số tính từ tận cùng –LY: friendly (thân thiện), lovely (dễ thương), lively (sống động), ... - Trạng từ tần suất đứng trước động từ thường, sau BE, trợ động từ và modals Ex: She doesn’t often go with him. He can seldom find time for reading. Exercise: Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets. 1. Your new dress makes you more _____________. (beauty) 2. You should do these exercises _____________. (quick) 3. The industrial __________ will lead to the country’s prosperity. (develop) 4. Some large cities have had measures to minimize air ____________. (pollute) 5. I will come to the party because I accept the _______________. (invite) 6. The ___________ of the Hollywood actor, Jimmy Halton, was announced last night. (die) 7. This company offered a lot of __________ jobs. (attract) 8. We often go to the theater at weekends for ____________. (entertain) 9. He is a famous……………………. (act) 10. You must ................................. the answer you choose. (dark) 11. We have a lot of …………..............……….……… in learning English. (difficult) 12. I felt very …………..............……… when I was a member of our school team. (excite) 13. He speaks English ..................................... (fluency) 14. We are very proud of our………..............………. (friend) 15. He does exercise every morning, so he is very…………..............……….……… (health) 16. Her parents’ …………..............……….……… makes her very sad. (ill) 17. News on TV is very ...................... (inform) 18. What is his ............................? (nation) 19. Everybody loves ................................ beauty. (nature) 20. It is cloudy and .......................... today. (rain) Multiple choice He has been very interested in doing research on _______ since he was at high school. a. biology b. biological c. biologist d. biologically You are old enough to take _______ for what you have done. a. responsible b. responsibility c. responsibly d. irresponsible Many Vietnamese people ______ their lives for the revolutionary cause of the nation a. sacrifice b. sacrificed c. sacrificial d. sacrificially They had a ______ candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage. a. romance b. romantic c. romantically d. romanticize She sent me a _______ letter thanking me for my invitation. a. polite b. politely c. politeness d. impoliteness As an _______, Mr. Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency. a. educate b. education c. educator d. educative He was the only _______ that was offered the job. a. apply b. application c. applicant d. applying Many people have objected to the use of animals in _____ experiments. a. science b. scientist c. scientific d. scientifically _______ is increasing, which results from economic crisis. a. Employment b. Unemployment c. Employ d. Unemployed _______! I have heard of your success in the new project. a. Congratulate b. Congratulating c. Congratulation d. Congratulations A / an _______ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct. a. dangerous b. endanger c. endangered d. endangerment Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with ____. a. extinct b. extinction c. extinctive d. extinctly They are going to _______ the pool to 1.8 meter. a. deep b. depth c. deepen d. deeply The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a _______. a. penalty b. penalize c. penal d. penalization The referee's _______ is the most important in any sport competition. a. decide b. decisive c. decision d. decider Johnny used to be one of the most _______ athletes in my country. a. succeed b. success c. successful d. successfully The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many _______ volunteers. a. support b. supporter c. supportive d. supportively He was so _______ that he could not even say a word. a. nerve b. nerves c. nervous d. nervously I am really _______ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves. a. interest b. interested c. interesting d. interestingly Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _______ activities. a. society b. social c. socially d. socialize
Mistake? A police officer stops a blonde for speeding and asks her very nicely if she could see her license. She replied in a huff. “ I wish you guys could get your act together. Just yesterday you take away my license and then today you expect me to show it to you.” Lỗi gì?
“Tôi mong rằng các anh có thể kết hợp làm việc cùng nhau. Mới ngày hôm qua các anh thu bằng lái của tôi và hôm nay anh hy vọng tôi trình nó cho anh.” Tag questions I. CÁCH THÀNH LẬP 1. Câu hỏi đuôi gồm có: chủ ngữ (phải là đại từ nhân xưng) và trợ động từ hay động từ đặc biệc. 2. Nếu câu phát biểu ở thể xác định thì câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định và ngược lại. 3. Nếu câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định thì phải dùng hình thức tĩnh lược (contractive form). Ví dụ:
II. CHÚ Ý: Phần đuôi của “ I am” là “ aren’t I “ . Eg: I’m going to do it again, aren’t I? b. Imperatives and Requests ( Câu mệnh lệnh và câu yêu cầu): + Có phần đuôi là “won’t you?” khi câu phát biểu diễn tả lời mời: Eg: Take your seat, won’t you? (Mời ông ngồi) + Có phần đuôi là “will you?” khi câu phát biểu diễn tả lời yêu cầu hoặc mệnh lệnh phủ định Eg: Open the door, will you? ( Xin vui lòng mở cửa) Don’t be late, will you ? (Đừng đi trễ nha) c. Phần đuôi của câu bắt đầu bằng “ Let’s ...” : là “shall we ?” Eg: Let’s go swimming, shall we? Nhưng phần đuôi của “Let us / Let me” là “will you” Nothing, anything, something, everything được thay là thế bằng “ It” ở câu hỏi đuôi: Eg : Everything will be all right, won’t it? No one, Nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone được thay thế bằng “They” trong câu hỏi đuôi. Eg: Someone remembered to leave the messages, didn’t they? Lưu ý: Nothing, Nobody, No one được dùng trong mệnh đề chính, động từ ở câu hỏi đuôi sẽ phải ở dạng thức xác định. (Vì Nothing, Nobody, No one có nghĩa phủ định) Eg: Nothing gives you more pleasure than listening to music, does it ? This/ That được thay thế là “It”. Eg: This won’t take long, will it? These/ Those được thay thế là “They”. Eg: Those are nice, aren’t they? g. Khi trong câu nói có từ phủ định như: seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never, few, little… phần đuôi phải ở dạng khẳng định. Eg: He seldom goes to the movies, does he? Nếu câu phát biểu có dạng : You ‘d better → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : hadn’t you ? You’d rather → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : wouldn’t you ? You used to → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : didn’t you ? III. Ý nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi: Ý nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi phụ thuộc vào ngữ điệu diễn đạt nó: - Nếu ta hạ giọng, có nghĩa là ta thực sự đặt câu hỏi cho người đối thoại và ta muốn người nghe đồng tình với mình - Nếu ta lên giọng câu hỏi đuôi thì ta muốn hỏi lại người nghe EXERCISE : Add tag questions to the following. 1/ They want to come,………………….? 2/ Elizabeth is a dentist, ……………….. ? 3/ They won’t be here, …………………? 4/ That is your umbrella, ………………….? 5/ There aren’t many people here yet, …………….. ? 6/ He has a bicycle,……………………? 7/ Peter would like to come with us to the party, ……………………..? 8/ Those aren’t Fred’s books, ………? 9/ You have never been to Paris,…………? 10/ Something is wrong with Jane today, ………… ? 11/ Everyone can learn how to swim, ……………… ? 12/ Nobody cheated in the exam, ………………….. ? 13/ Nothing went wrong while I was gone, ………… ? 14/ I am invited, ………………….? 15/ This bridge is not very safe,……………..? 16/ These sausages are delicious, …………….? 17/ You haven’t lived here long, …………? 18/ The weather forecast wasn’t very good, ……………. ? 19/ He’d better come to see me, .............. ? 20/ You need to stay longer, ................................?
Subject and verb Agreement Có nhiều nguyên tắc hòa hợp trong điểm ngữ pháp này, tuy nhiên chúng tôi chỉ chọn lựa một số nguyên tắc cơ bản và phổ biến nhất để các em học sinh dễ nắm bắt và vận dụng. Nguyên tắc chung:
- Hình thức của động từ số ít: is/was/has/động từ có s hoặc es. - Hình thức của động từ số nhiều: are/were/have/động từ có hình thức giống như nguyên mẫu. B. Một số nguyên tắc hòa hợp cơ bản:
Eg: My brother and sister live in Boston. 2. Chủ ngữ gồm 2 phần nối với nhau bằng either… or, neither… nor, not only…but also V hòa hợp với phần gần nó nhất. Eg: Either Thursday or Friday is ok. 3. Chủ ngữ có thêm phần as well as, with, together with, along with V vẫn chỉ hòa hợp với phần S đầu tiên. Eg: George, together with his friends, is buying a race horse. 4. Chủ ngữ là cụm từ chỉ sự đo lường (được xem như là một tổng thể) V là số ít. Eg: Thirty pounds seems a reasonable price. 5. Nếu có 1 cụm từ hay mệnh đề theo sau một danh từ làm chủ ngữ V chỉ hòa hợp với danh từ đầu tiên. Eg: The house between the two bungalows is empty. The house they used to live in is now empty. 6. Chủ ngữ là 1 cụm từ hay 1 mệnh đề V số ít. Eg: Through the trees is the nearest way. Opening my presents was exciting.
Eg: One of these letters is for you. 8. A (large) number of, the majority of, a lot of, some of + danh từ số nhiều V số nhiều. Eg: The majority of people have complained. * The number of V số ít
Eg: None of the students has failed the test * Có thể dùng V số nhiều nhưng không trang trọng (informal English)
Eg: Someone was waiting at the door 12. Danh từ không đếm được V số ít. Eg: This water is not safe enough to drink. 13. Một số danh từ có hình thức số nhiều nhưng mang nghĩa số ít V số ít. Eg: Mathematics is one of my core subjects 14. There is/was + danh từ số ít. There are/were + danh từ số nhiều. Eg: There are twenty five students in my class There was an accident last night. 15. Một số danh từ có hình thức số ít nhưng mang nghĩa số nhiều V số nhiều. Eg: The police are investigating the crime. 16. The + tính từ làm chủ ngữ V số nhiều. Eg: The sick are well cared in the hospital Exercise 1: Circle the best answer. 1. One of ____________ a goldfish bowl on her kitchen table. a. my friend keep c. my friend keeps b. my friends keep d. my friends keeps 2. Every ____________ love. a. man, woman and child needs c. man, woman and child need b. men, women and children needs d. men, women and children need 3. One of the girls who ____________ in this office ____________ my niece a. works / is c. work / is b. works / are d. work / are 4. Neither Lan nor her parents ____________ the film. a. like b. likes c. is like d. are like 5. Each ____________ the same as the day before. a. days was b. day was c. days were d. day were 6. More men than ____________ left handed. a. woman are b. woman is c. women are d. women is 7. Every one of the students ____________ on time for class a. is b. are c. were d. have been 8. There ____________ some money on the table. a. are b. were c. have been d. is 9. This information about taxes ____________ helpful a. were b. have been c. is d. are 10. The vegetables in the bowl on the table ____________ fresh. a. looks b. smells c. are d. is 11. Writing ____________ her happy a. letter makes b. letters makes c. letter make d. letters make 12. None of the money robbed from the banks last year ____________ yet. a. has been found b. have been found c. has found d. have found 13. My father and mother ____________ for the same company. a. works b. work c. is working d. has worked 14. The elderly ____________ this kind of music, but the young ____________. a. don’t like / does b. doesn’t like / does c. don’t like / do d. doesn’t like / do Exercise 2: Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. The news about Mr Hogan (be) surprising. 2. Fifty minutes (be) the maximum length of the time allowed for the exam. 3. Many people in the world (not have) enough food to eat. 4. The poor (need) help from the community. 5. Listening to loud music at rock concerts (cause) hearing loss in some teenagers these days. 6. There (be) a lot of sheep in the field. 7. Ten miles (be) too far to walk. 8. Not only John but also his friends (want) to buy this race horse. 9. A number of students (recently participate) in intensive language programs abroad. 10. Sarah, along with 20 students, (plan) a party now. 11. The number of students who (withdraw) from class since the term began (be) quite high. 12. There (be) at least one window in every room. 13. A lot of students in my class (speak) and (undrstand) Spanish. 14. The trousers Lan’s bought (not, go) best with her shirt. 15. The information she gave me (be not) valuable. 16. The number of days in a week (be) seven. 17. Either you or he (have) to do the task. 18. Two years without a job (be) too long to be. 19. Every girl and boy (be) required to have certain immunizations before enrolling in public school. 20. Neither of John’s parents (be) English.
1. Each of the rooms have its own bathroom. A B C D 2. Everybody who have a fever must go home immediately A B C D 3. Twenty five dollars are all I can afford to pay for this recorder A B C D 4. All of the windows in my house was broken in the earthquake. A B C D 5. The actress, along with her manager and some friends, are going to the party. A B C D 6. Living expenses in this country are high. A B C D Result clauses * Dùng : so, so... that, or such … that. Ex: The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep.
E
x: Their dog was so fierce that no one dared to come near it.
Ex: His speech went on so long that people began to fall asleep.
Our neighbours play their radio so loudly that we can’t sleep
Ex: It is so good a story that I’ll never forget it.
He is so honest a man that he never tells lies Ex: There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening. He made so many mistakes that I’m really disappointed. He made so few mistakes that we are all surprised.
She has so little patience that he can’t tolerate any noise.
They are such careful students that they rarely make mistakes. He writes with such great care that he rarely makes mistakes * Ngòai ra có thể dùng : Therefore, Thus, In consequence, Consequently, For this/that reason, * Trong một vài trường hợp có thể dùng : and as a result or with the result that. Ex: The lecture was boring, and as a result some of the students began to fall asleep. The lecture was boring, with the result that some of the students began to fall asleep
Ex: The lecture was boring. As a result, some of the students began to fall asleep. Exercises: I/Combine the sentences by using so…that or such….that: 1. This tea is good. I think I’ll have another cup. …………………………………………………………………………………. 2. It was an expensive car. We couldn’t afford to buy it. …………………………………………………………………………………. 3. The car was very expensive. We couldn’t afford to buy it. …………………………………………………………………………………. 4. Tommy ate too much candy. He got a stomachache. …………………………………………………………………………………. 5. The food was too hot. It burned my tongue. …………………………………………………………………………………. 6. She made many mistakes. She failed the exam. …………………………………………………………………………………. 7.It was a good book. I couldn’t put it down. …………………………………………………………………………………. 8. He walked very quickly. We couldn’t keep up with him. …………………………………………………………………………………. 9.It was nice weather. We went to the zoo. …………………………………………………………………………………. 10.The test was very easy. Everyone got a high score. ………………………………………………………………………………….
1. There is _______noise that I can hear nothing A. so many B. such C. so much D. so 2. My mouth is burning! This is ________spicy food that I don’t think I can finish it. A. such B. so C. very D. too 3. It was raining ____I couldn’t go outside,. A. because B. So hard that C. so that D. too hard that 4. My mouth is burning! This is ___________ spicy food that I don’t think I can finish it. A. such B. so C. very D. too 5. There are ________ planets in the universe that we can’t count them. A. so much B. such C. so many D. so 6. He was _______ tired that he slept all days. A. such B. too C. so D. very 7. They were ______busy studying ______ they couldn’t go to the restaurant with us. A. so – that B. such – that C. very – that D. too - that 8. The runners are ______exhausted that none of them finished the race. A. too B. such C. enough D. so 9. It was _____ a difficult question that I couldn’t answer it. A. so B. such C. too D. very 10. It was ________ a boring speech that I fell asleep. A. such B. so C. much D. too
Phrases and clauses of purpose @ Phrases of Purpose : Main clause + to / so as to / in order to + Verb (bare infinitive) Ex: Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report. The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its clients’ views. I went to see him so as to find out what had happened. *Dạng phủ định :
Ex: He turned off the lights before going out so as not to waste electricity.
Ex: They are learning English in order for them to study in Singapore.
Main clause + in order that + S + will / would/ can / could + bare infinitive for fear that Ex: The schoolboys are in a hurry in order that they will not be late for school. Tom is saving up so that he can buy a new car. Exercises : I/ Combine the ideas using so that: 1. Rachel wanted to watch the news. She turned on the TV. →…………………………………………………………………………... 2. Nancy is carrying extra courses every semester. She wants to graduate early. →…………………………………………………………………………... 3. Ed took some change from his pocket. He wanted to buy a newspaper. →…………………………………………………………………………... 4. I wanted to listen to the news while I was making dinner. I turned on the TV. →…………………………………………………………………………... 5. I unplugged the phone. I didn’t want to be interrupted while I was working. →…………………………………………………………………………...
1. Peter studies hard _____pass the exam. A. less B. so that C. to D. in order that 2. A small fish needs camouflage to hide itself _______its enemies cannot find it. A. so that B. because C. therefore D. due to 3. He felt ill, _______he went to bed early. A. and B. but C. or D. so 4. We decided to join the English speaking club ______ improve our English. A. so that B. so to C. in order D. to 5. She worked hard ______ everything would be ready by 6 o’clock. A. that B. for C. in order that D. so as to 6. He gave me his address __________me to visit. A. so that B. in order for C. in order to D. in case 7. She got up early _________ miss the bus. A. in order that B. so that C. not to D. for 8. Mr. Thompson is learning Vietnamese __________ to read Kim Van Kieu. A. so that not B. so as to C. in order not to D. so as not to 9. They hurried _______ catch the train. A. to not B. as not to C. in order that not D. to 10. We learn English _________ we will have better communication with other people. A. so that B. in order for C. in order to D. in case
Giáo viên dạy Anh nói chuyện với một giáo viên khác : - Tui không thể chịu nổi sao lại có đứa học trò thế này.Chuyện là tôi có ra một bài làm là hãy kể một câu chuyện ngắn bằng tiếng Anh , rồi nó kể câu chuyện về hòang tử và công chúa.
Hòang tử và công chúa gặp nhau tại lâu đài. Hòang tử hỏi : - Can you speak Vietnamese? Công chúa trả lời: - Sure. Thế là sau đó cả bài văn nó tòan viết bằng tiếng Việt hết. WH- questions Các câu hỏi với từ để hỏi cho phép người nói tìm thêm thông tin về chủ đề mình quan tâm. Các từ để hỏi theo thông tin muốn tìm có thể được liệt kê như sau: When? - Time => Hỏi thông tin về thời gian Where? - Place => Hỏi thông tin về nơi chốn Who? - Person => Hỏi thông tin về người Why? - Reason => Hỏi lý do How? - Manner => Hỏi cách thức, phương thức What? – Object / Idea / Action =>Hỏi về vật / ý kiến / hành động Các từ khác cũng có thể được sử dụng để hỏi các thông tin cụ thể: Which (one)? - Choice of alternatives => Hỏi thông tin về sự lựa chọn Whose? - Possession => Hỏi thông tin về sở hữu Whom? - Person (objective formal) => Hỏi về người (ở dạng tân ngữ) How much? - Price, amount (non-count) => Hỏi về giá cả, lượng (không đếm được) How many? - Quantity (count) => Hỏi về lượng (đếm được) How long? - Duration => Hỏi về thời gian How often? - Frequency => Hỏi về mức độ thường xuyên How far? - Distance => Hỏi về khoảng cách What kind (of)?- Description => Yêu cầu mô tả thông tin Exercises 1: Make questions with the underlined words/phrases 1. I received a letter from Lan last week. 2. Minh usually takes exercises after getting up. 3. I brush my teeth twice a day. 4. Nga has an appointment at 10.30 this morning. 5. She goes to bed at 9. p. m. 6. I began to study English 6 years ago. 7. They live in the city center. 8. I like ‘Tom and Jerry” because it’s very interesting. 9. Last night I went to disco with my friend. 10. She is worried about the next examination. 11. Music makes people different from all other animals. 12. They do their homework at night. 13. Mr. Robertson came to the party alone. 14. I like the red blouse, not the blue one. 15. That is an English book. 16. She talked to him for an hour. 17. He studies piano at the university. 18. It’s 063.3921680. 19. My father is a teacher. 20. I’m fine, thanks.
Reported speech Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ, để đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta đổi BA yếu tố là ngôi, thì của động từ và trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn. a. Ngôi: - Đổi ngôi thứ NHẤT (I, me, my, mine &We, us ,our(s)) phù hợp với CHỦ NGỮ trong mệnh đề chính - Đổi ngôi thứ HAI (you , your(s)) phù hợp với TÂN NGỮ trong mệnh đề chính - Ngôi thứ BA( he, him, his, she, her(s), it(s), they, them, their(s) ) không đổi b. Thì và các trạng ngữ: CÂU TRỰC TIẾP CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
Каталог: upload -> 18624 upload -> BỘ khoa học và CÔng nghệ TÀi liệu hưỚng dẫN upload -> TÀi liệu hưỚng dẫn sử DỤng dịch vụ HỘi nghị truyền hình trực tuyếN upload -> BỘ thông tin truyềN thông thuyết minh đỀ TÀi xây dựng quy chuẩn kỹ thuật thiết bị giải mã truyền hình số MẶT ĐẤt set – top box (stb) upload -> CHỦ TỊch nưỚC upload -> CHỦ TỊch nưỚC upload -> Kính gửi Quý doanh nghiệp upload -> VIỆn chăn nuôi trịnh hồng sơn khả NĂng sản xuất và giá trị giống của dòng lợN ĐỰc vcn03 luậN Án tiến sĩ NÔng nghiệp hà NỘI 2014 18624 -> I. Read the following passage and choose the option (A, B, c or D) that best answers each question tải về 2.31 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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