Recommend, begin, start, continue

2. Forget, remember, regret: +to inf ® chỉ tương lai

+Vo – ing ® chỉ quá khứ

3. Stop to infinitive ® ngừng việc đang làm để làm việc khác.

Vo – ing : ® ngừng việc đang làm
4. Try to infinitive : cố gắng

Vo – ing : thử

5. Need, want, require

To inf : mang nghĩa chủ động

Vo+ ing : mang nghĩa bị động (need: tobe + V (PP)

6. Would you mind + Vo- ing?

7. Advise, allow, permit obj + to infi

 + Vo- ing

8. Prefer: + V-ing to V-ing:thích cái gì hơn cái gì

+ to infinitive: thích cái gì đó

9. Feel like + Vo ing: thích cái gì đó
EXERCISES:

1. 
   Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund , infinitive, participle).
   
   1. 
      I caught him (climb) _____ over my wall. I asked him (explain) _____ but he refused (say) _____ anything, so in the end I had (let) _____ him (go) _____.
      
   2. 
      When at last I succeeded in (convince) _____ him that I wanted (get) _____ home quickly he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) _____ forward.
      
   3. 
      I'm not used to (drive) _____on the left.
      When you see everyone else (do)____ it you'll find it quite easy (do) _____yourself.
      
   4. 
      It is pleasant (sit) _____by the fire at night and (hear) _____the wind (howl) _____outside.
      
   5. 
      There was no way of (get) _____out of the building except by (climb) _____down a rope and Ann was too terrified (do) _____this.
      
   6. 
      We heard the engines (roar) _____as the plane began (move) _____ and we saw the people on the ground (wave) _____good-bye.
      
   7. 
      It's no good (write) _____ to him; he never answers letters. The only thing (do) _____ is (go)_____ and (see) _____him.
      
   8. 
      Why did you go all round the field instead of (walk) _____ across it?
      I didn't like (cross) _____it because of the bull. I never see a bull without (think) _____that it wants (chase) _____ me.
      
   9. 
      The people in the flat below seem (be) _____ having a party. You can hear the champagne corks (thud)_____ against their ceiling.
      
   10. 
       I don't like (get) _____bills but when I do get them I like (pay) _____them promptly.
       
   11. 
       Ask him (come) _____in. Don't keep him (stand) _____at the door.
       
   12. 
       The boys next door used (like) _____(make) _____ and (fly) _____ model aero planes, but they seem to have stopped (do) _____ that now.
       
   13. 
       I knew I wasn't the first (arrive)_____, for I saw smoke (rise) _____from the chimney.
       
   14. 
       We watched the men (saw) _____the tree and as we were walking away heard it (fall) _____with a tremendous crash.
       
   15. 
       I hate (see) _____a child (cry) _____.
       
   16. 
       We watched the children (jump) _____from a window and (fall) _____into a blanket held by the people below.
       
   17. 
       It is very unpleasant (wake) _____ up and (hear) _____ the rain (beat) _____on the windows.
       
   18. 
       He saw the lorry (begin) _____ (roll) _____ forwards but he was too far away (do) _____ anything (stop) _____it.
       
   19. 
       There are people who can't help (laugh) _____when they see someone (slip) _____on a banana skin.
       
   20. 
       I prefer (drive) _____ to (be driven) _____.
       

a. buckle b. to buckle c. buckling d. for buckling.

2. ________ good ice cream, you need to use a lot of cream.

a. Make b. Making c. To make d. For make

3. I got my friend ________ her car for the weekend.

a. to let me to borrow b. to let me borrow

c. let me borrow d. let me to borrow

4. How can you let such a silly incident ________ your friendship?

a. wreck b. to wreck c. wrecking d. that wrecks

5. ‘How about going to the theater?' 'OK,' but I would rather ______ a concert.'

a. attend b. to attend c. attending d. have attended

6. The skiers would rather ________ through the mountains than go by bus.

a. to travel on train b. traveled by train

c. travel by train d. traveling by the train

7. If we leave now for our trip, we can drive half the distance before we stop ___ lunch.

a. having b. to have c. having had d. for having

8. The examiner made us ___ our identification in order to be admitted to the test center.

a. show b. showing c. to show d. showed

9. As we entered the room, we saw a rat ________ towards a hole in the skirting board.

a. scamper b. to scamper c. scampering d. was scampering

10. I remember ________ to Paris when I was a very small child.

a. to be taken b. to take c. being taken d. taking

11. My parents wouldn't _______ to the party.

a. allow me go b. allow me to go c. allow me going d. allow to go

12. We are going to have my house _______ tomorrow morning.

a. paint b. painting c. painted d. to be painted

13. We hope that the students themselves will enjoy ______ part in the projects.

a. to take b. taking c. to be taken d. being taken

14. Sally's low test scores kept her from _______ to the university.

a. admitting b. to admit c. to be admitted d. being admitted

15. Are you sure you told me about the party? I don't recall _______ about it.

a. having told b. to have told c. having been told d. to have been told

16. I meant to get up early but I forgot _______ up my alarm clock.

a. wind b. to wind c. wind d. wound

17. Look at the state of the gate. It needs ________ as soon as possible.

a. to repair b. repairing c. being repaired d. be repaired

18. Alice didn't expect ________ to Bill's party.

a. asking b. being asked c. to ask d. to be asked

19. We asked ________ the piano so early in the morning, but she won't.

a. Marie to stop playing b. Marie stop to play

c. that Marie stops playing d. Marie to stop to play

20. A good teacher makes her students ________ the world from new perspectives.

a. to view b. view c. to be viewed d. viewing

3. 
   Passive voice
   

Active: S + V + O + …….

Passive: S + be + V3/ed + (by O) + ……

Ex: Active: She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend.

S V O

S be V3/ed by O

Passive sentence: This book was taken by Peter yesterday

Trong câu chủ động:

- Peter → Subj ; took → động từ chính (Past simple)

- this book → Obj; yesterday → trạng từ chỉ thời gian

Trong câu bi động:

- Obj ( this book) → Subj ; Subj ( Peter) →by Obj

- took (động từ chính) → taken (V₃ / VoED - Past participle)

- thêm was vì động từ chính (took) đang chia thì Past simple
A. Tổng quát:

Active sentence: Subj + V + Obj Passive sentence: Subj + BE + V3 / VoED(động từ chính) + by Obj 1- Chuyển: Obj ---> Subj; Subj ----> by Obj (Có thể bỏ nếu by Obj không cần thiết) 2-Thêm BE và chia thì tương ứng với thì câu chủ động. Nghĩa là: Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì “ To Be” phải chia ở thì đó). Như vậy: trong câu bị động “ To Be” có vai trò chia thì, Động từ chính có chức năng như một tính từ mang nghĩa bị động (không chia thì) 3- Chuyển động từ chính sang ---> V3 hoặc Vo ED.

B. Cụ thể như sau:
1. Xác định Subj, Obj, Verb của câu chủ động (trong động từ phải xác định cho được thì và động từ chính của câu chủ động)

2. Chuyển: Obj ---> Subj; Subj ----> by Obj (Có thể bỏ by him/them/me/you/people/ someone : nếu không cần thiết).

- Nếu Subj của câu chủ động là danh từ chỉ vật liệu, dụng cụ ---> câu bị động thay by bằng with + Obj.

Ex: Moss is covering this wall ---> This wall is being covered with moss

- Nếu Subj của câu chủ động là: nothing, no one, nobody ---> câu bị động bỏ by Obj và ở thể phủ định.

Ex: No one helps me ---> I am not helped.

3. Chuyển động từ chính sang ---> V3 hoặc Vo ED.

(Động từ chính có chức năng như một tính từ mang nghĩa bị động-không chia thì)

4. Thêm BE và chia tương ứng với thì của câu chủ động (Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì To be phải chia ở thì đó )

5. Giữ lại động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verb) trong câu bị động nếu có.

Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to, ...

Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should...+ Vo + object

→Passive: S + will/would, shall/should... + be + V3 / Vo ED (+ by object).

7. Giữ nguyên giới từ sau Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) nếu có.

8. Đặt trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn trước BY, trạng từ chỉ thời gian sau BY nếu có. Place + by Obj + Time

Ex: Mr Pike built this school in my village last year.

→ This school was built in my village by Mr Pike last year

9. Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) as an Adjective, do đó động từ theo sau hầu hết là To infinitive.

Ex: She makes me cry → I am made to cry

a/Active voice: -S + Have + Obj(chỉ người) + Vo.

Ex: I have him repair my bicycle.

-S + Get + Obj (chỉ người) + to infi.

Ex: I get him to repair my bicycle.

b/Passive voice: -S + Have/Get + Obj (chỉ vật) + V3 / Vo ED.

2. Sau những động từ chỉ ý kiến (verb of opinion): say, think , believe, report, rumour, know, consider, claim

Active: S1+ verb1 ( say/ believe/ think....) (that) +S2+ verb2...

Passive:

Cách 1: It + be + V3 / Vo ED (verb1) + S2 + verb 2 ....

Cách 2: S2 + be + V3 / Vo ED (verb1) + to-infinitive (verb 2) /

to have + V3 / Vo ED (verb 2) nếu V1 khác thì V2

Ex:      People say that he was crazy.

→ Cách 1: It is said that he was crazy or

→ Cách 2: He is said to have been crazy.( to have been vì say và was khác thì) .

Ex: People say that money brings happiness

→ Cách 1: It is said that money brings happiness

→ Cách 2: Money is said to bring happiness.( Dùng to bring vì say và bring cùng thì)

3. Sau những động từ chỉ giác quan(verb of perception): see, hear, smell, feel, taste, watch, notice, make, help, bid.

b. They let him go out ---> He was allowed to go out / He was let to go out.

→ Cách 1: He advised me this job should be accepted.

→ Cách 2: I was advised to accept this job.
7- Need + to be + V3 / Vo ED = Need + Voing

Ex: Your shirt needs to be ironed / Your shirt needs ironing.

8- It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth

=>It is important for this exercise to be finished

- It is necessary to copy this lesson

=> It is necessary for this lesson to be copied.

- It is time to feed the chicken => It is time for the chicken to be fed.

9- Các trường hợp khác:

→ S + am/ is/ are + being + V3 / Vo ED...

→ S+ has/have + been + V3 / Vo ED

→Passive: Where were the drugs found ?

→ S + was / were + being + V3 / Vo ED

  Ex: They were preparing lunch when I came there yesterday

→ Lunch was being prepared when I came there yesterday.

→ Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m

→ Passive: - By whom was this novel written ?

1. 
   People drink a great deal of tea in England.
   
2. 
   Tom was writing two poems.
   
3. 
   She often takes her dog for a walk.
   
4. 
   People speak English all over the world.
   
5. 
   A group of students have met their friends at the railway station.
   
6. 
   They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.
   
7. 
   The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.
   
8. 
   How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?
   
9. 
   This well-known library attracts many people.
   
10. 
    My mother used to make us clean the house.
    
11. 
    He likes people to call him “Sir”.
    
12. 
    They are going to have someone repair their car
    
13. 
    People say that he is intelligent.
    
14. 
    He can’t repair my bike.
    
15. 
    Mary has operated Tom since 10 o’clock.
    
16. 
    Mr. Smith has taught us French for 2 years.
    
17. 
    They didn’t look after the children properly.
    
18. 
    Nobody swept this street last week.
    
19. 
    How many lessons are you going to learn next month?
    
20. 
    You need to do this work.
    

1. 
   They will construct some new airports on islands.
   

2. 
   The new president might fulfill this promise as quickly as people would like.
   

3. 
   They are going to find out the mystery.
   

4. 
   You can buy videos like this one anywhere.
   

5. 
   Someone will tell you when you go in to see the doctor.
   

6. 
   They should have finished the hotel by the time you arrive.
   

7. 
   Someone has to write the history of the European Community one day.
   

8. 
   When is someone going to announce the results of the contest?
   

9. 
   Where will your company send you next year?
   

10. 
    They ought to have reported the accident to the police.
    

1. 
   Chris has good news. The engineering firm where she had an interview yesterday (may + offer) ………………………….. her a job soon.
   
2. 
   Good news! I (may + offer) ………………………….. a job soon. I had an interview at an engineering firm yesterday.
   
3. 
   You (should + open) ………………….. the wine about three hours before you use it.
   
4. 
   You (mustn’t + move) …………………………..this man; he is too ill. He (will + have to + leave) ………………………….. here.
   
5. 
   You (must + take) …………………………..those books back to the library yesterday.
   
6. 
   We tried, but the window (couldn’t + open) ……………………………
   
7. 
   You (must + keep) ………………………….. meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil.
   
8. 
   I (had better + wash) ……………….. my clothes today, or they will be very smelly.
   
9. 
   Someone (should + tell) ………………………….. James the news immediately.
   
10. 
    This application (be supposed to + send) ………….. to the personnel department soon.
    

1. 
   I shouldn’t ………. so much coffee last night. I was wide awake till four in the morning.
   

2. The profits are supposed …………………. among the shareholders.

A. to divide B. to be divided C. dividing D. being divided

3. When you are on duty, your uniform must …………………. at all times.

A. wear B. be wear C. be worn D. be wearing

4. You promised her a letter; you ought to …………………. days ago.

A. write B. be writing C. have written D. be written

5. After the test papers …………………. to the students in class tomorrow, the students …………………. their next assignment.

A. will return – will be given B. will be returned – are given

C. are returning – are giving D. are returned – will be given

6. The class for next semester is too large. It ought to …………………. in half.

A. be divided B. divide C. have divided D. have been divided

7. The entire valley can …………………. from their mountain home.

A. see B. be seen C. being seen D. sees

8. He is wearing a gold ring on his fourth finger. He must………………….

9. A child should …………………. everything he or she wants.

A. gives B. give C. have been given D. be given

10. Your daughter has a good voice. Her interest in singing …………………. encouraged.

11. I found this book on my desk when I came to class. It must ……. by one of the students in earlier class.

A. be left B. have been left C. leave D. have left

12. You had better ………………….your chores before Mom gets home.

A. be finished B. have finished C. have been finished D. finish

13. These books will have to …………………. to the library tomorrow.

A. return B. have returned C. being returned D. be returned

14. Ann’s birthday was on the 5^th, and now it’s already the 8^th. Her birthday card …. a week ago.

A. will be sent B. can be sent

C. should have been sent D. should have sent

15. You …………………. me to Dr. Gray. We’ve already met.

C. shouldn’t introduce D. mustn’t introduce

16. Bill ………………….Ann to the party tomorrow.

A. will be invited B. will invite

C. will have invited D. will have been invited.

17. A new hospital ………………….in this area.

A. are going to be built B. builds C. is going to be built D. is going to build

18. Mike …………………. What’s going on in his English class.

C. could have understood D. could have been understood

19. Our test papers ………………….by our teachers now.

A. are marking B. are being marked C. will mark D. will be marked

20. ………………….the birds in your garden at three o’clock yesterday afternoon?

A. Did you feed B. Were you fed C. Were you being fed D. Were you feeding

1. Many U.S. automobiles --------------- in Detroit, Michigan.

A. manufacture B. have manufactured

C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing

2. I still can’t believe it! My bicycle ----------- last night.

A. was stolen B. was stealing

C. stolen D. stole

3. Let’s go ahead and do it now. Nothing ------------ by waiting.

A. will be accomplished B. accomplished

C. has accomplished D. accomplishes

4.” When ----------? “ - In 1928

A. penicillin was discovered B. did penicillin discovered

C. was penicillin discovered D. did penicillin discover

5. The rescuers ---------- for their bravery and fortitude in locating the lost mountain climbers.

A. were praised B. praised

C. were praising D. praising

6. Vitamin C ---------- by the human body. It gets into the bloods stream quickly.

A. absorbs easily B. is easily absorbing

C. is easily absorbed D. absorbed easily

7. Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters. His paintings ---------- masterpieces all over the world.

A. had considered B. are considering

C. are considered D. consider

8. We can’t go along here because the road is ---------------.

A. been repaired B. being repaired

C. repaired D. repairing

9. More than 50 films --------------- in HCMC since June.

A. were shown B. had been shown

C. have been shown D. have shown

10. George is --------------- Lisa.

A. marry with B. marry to

C. married with D. married to

11. Somebody cleans the room every day.

a. The room every day is cleaned

b. The room is every day cleaned

c. The room is cleaned every day

d. The room is cleaned by somebody every day

12. They cancelled all flights because of fog.

a. All flights because of fog were cancelled.

b. All flights were cancelled because of fog.

c. All flights were because of fog cancelled

d. All flights were cancelled by them because of fog

13. People don't use this road very often.

a. This road is not used very often b. Not very often this road is not used

c. This road very often is not used d. This road not very often is used

14. Somebody accused me of stealing money.

a. I was accused by somebody of stealing money.

b. I was accused of stealing money

c. I was accused of stealing money by somebody

d. I was accused stealing money.

15. How do people learn languages?

a. How are languages learned? b. How are languages learned by people?

c. How languages are learned? d. Languages are learned how?

16. People warned us not to go out alone.

a. We were warned not going out alone

b. We were warned not to go out alone by people.

c. We weren't warned to go out alone.

d. We were warned not to go out alone.

17. Somebody is using the computer at the moment.

a. The computer is being used at the moment.

b. The computer at the moment is being used.

c. The computer is being used by somebody at the moment.

d. The computer is used at the moment.

18. I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation.

a. I didn’t realize that our conversation was recorded.

b. I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded.

c. I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded by someone.

d. Our conversation wasn't realized to be recorded.

19. We found that they had cancelled the game.

a. We found that the fame had been cancelled.

b. The game had been cancelled.

c. We found that the game had been cancelled by them.

d. The game were found to be cancelled.

20. They are building a new highway around the city.

a. A new highway is being built around the city.

b. A new highway is being built around the city by them

c. A new highway around the city is being built.

d. Around the city a new highway is being built.

4. 
   Relative clauses
   

- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.

Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.

à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.

- The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.

àThe woman who is standing over there is my sister.

b. WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.

Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.

à I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.

- The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.

à The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.

c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars

à She works for a company which makes cars.

- The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.

à The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.

- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó

Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.

He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)

Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.

- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.

- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.

- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.

- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.

- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.

* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:

- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:

Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.

- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much ....

Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.

All that is mine is yours.

- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last

Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.

- You are the only person that can help us.

- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.

(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)

* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:

- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không hạn định.

Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.

- Sau giới từ

Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.

e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).

Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.

à John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.

- This is the student. I borrowed his book.

àThis is the student whose book I borrowed.

f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:

Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.

à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.

à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

g. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)

Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.

à The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.

- The house is for sale. I was born in it.

à The house in which I was born is for sale.

* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.

a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn

Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.

à The movie theater is the place where we can see films.

b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian

Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.

à Do you remember the day when we first met?

c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do

Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.

à Tell me the reason why you are so sad.