Article in Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences · October 016 citations 22 reads 19,906 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects


Rice Noodles: Materials, Processing and Quality Evaluation



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Rice Noodles: Materials, Processing and Quality Evaluation

 

223


3.1 Mixing

Mixing is the initial process in the formation of 

noodles. Water is added to flour in a container and 

other ingredients are also mixed. The ration of 

flour to water must be appropriate in order to make 

dough of optimum consistency. Mixing resulted in 

a uniform distribution of ingredients and also even 

hydration of flour. In the noodle making industry, 

two types of mixers are mostly used: the vertical 

mixer  and  the  horizontal  mixer.  Generally,  the 

mixers work at a speed of 70 to 100 rpm for 10-

20 minutes and provide proper mixing and some 

kneading  actions.  However,  vertical  mixer  is 

usually used on a large scale continuous product 

of noodles. The blades of vertical mixers have 

a large surface area that aid in the distribution of 

water evenly throughout the flour during the initial 

stage of mixing. It also provides a certain extent 

of  kneading  action  after  sufficient  hydration  of 

the flour. On the other hand, the horizontal mixer 

has single shaft or double shafts. The double shaft 

horizontal type mixer has shown best result in the 

mixing of dough. The blades of the shaft move in 

opposite direction, so that the dough crumbs move 

both horizontally and vertically during mixing [1].

 

Different types of mixers are also developed in 



the industry for performing noodle mixing i.e. low 

speed  super  mixer,  continuous  high  speed  mixer 

and the vacuum mixer. Low speed super mixer is 

used to mix dough with higher water absorption 

capacity. It is considered a copy of hand mixer and 

performs mixing at a speed of less than 10 rpm to 

minimize damage to the starch and protein matrix 

[1]. While the continuous high speed mixer is used 

to mix water and flour evenly in a very quick time. 

Water  is  added  to  the  flour,  which  is  rotated  at  a 

speed  of  1500  rpm.  High  speed  mixing  leads  to 

the formation of greater surface area for maximum 

hydration  of  water.  Nowadays,  vacuum  mixer  is 

used extensively in noodle industry. The vacuum 

mixing  let  addition  of  extra  water  to  the  flour 

without effecting processing efficiency [1, 5, 50].

 

The process of mixing is affected by flour quality, 



the  addition  of  certain  components,  the  volume 

of  water  added,  the  humidity  and  temperature  of 

the processing environment. The water hydration 

correlates positively with protein concentration and 

can form dough crumbs of large size, consequently 

need  less  time  for  mixing  [5,  34].  The  greater 

level of damaged starch granules resulted from the 

milling of flour can also contribute to the increased 

water absorption capacity [50]. The concentration 

of water should be optimized in order to develop 

dough with good processing characteristics [5]. The 

ingredients such as salt and alkaline salt can also 

help flour hydration during mixing. Mixing process 

conducted at lower temperature slow down the 

hydration of flour. It is also not desirable to perform 

mixing process at a temperature of greater than 

35

o

C, as enzymatic activity and protein degradation 



can occur at such higher temperature. The optimum 

temperature is for making proper noodle dough is 

25-30 

o

C [50]. Afterward, the dough is rested for 



some  time  that  allows  uniform  hydration  of  flour 

particles and allows distribution of water to the 

dough mixture. The crumbly dough is agitated at 

a speed of 5-8 rpm for 10 to 20 minutes during the 

resting stage that avoid development of large dough 

crumbs and also facilitate dough feeding during the 

sheeting process [1, 5, 34, 50].


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