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particularly prepositions, in contexts where English is used as a foreign



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particularly prepositions, in contexts where English is used as a foreign 
language.
- It is also possible to include linguistic approaches to instructing language 
elements, especially integrating pedagogical applications of cognitive 
linguistics into curricula and syllabi. 
- Applying instruction based on cognitive linguistic concepts and 
classroom activities can be a pedagogical alternative to teaching 
prepositions. A total or partial procedure may be adapted to make 
preposition lessons more meaningful and effective. 
For teachers: 
Teaching prepositions in the light of cognitive linguistics in classrooms 
of English as a foreign language has proved to be successful in contexts where 
English is used as a foreign language by many empirical studies, especially from 
the current research. In order for this alternative to teaching prepositions to be 
successful, 
- Teachers should grasp theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics
together with its integration into concrete lessons.
- In designing concrete lessons, making use of image schemas will be a 
focus since it can help learners accurately understand the semantics of 
prepositions. Image schemas can also facilitate learners’ memory of the 
semantics of prepositions. 


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- Teachers should also make use of image schemas to teach prepositions 
in terms of conceptual metaphors, but this requires the teachers to apply 
domain mapping theory help learners to make transfer of prepositions 
from the spatial domain to the abstract domain.
- As many pedagogical modifications of cognitive linguistics in the recent 
studies as well as this study suggest the employment of teacher 
instruction to provide linguistic input, teachers should apply speaking and 
writing tasks so that learners have opportunities to use language after the 
instruction of prepositions. 
- However, due to some negative feedback from the participants in the 
treatment, teachers should employ games, music and sense of humour in 
teaching based on cognitive linguistic concepts to engage learners both 
cognitively and affectively in the class activities. 
For learners: 
Knowledge of language may be essential in contexts where English is 
used as a foreign language. Learners apply meaningful learning by using image 
schemas to make general sense of some meaning of a preposition. In particular, 
- Relating the prior knowledge and new knowledge proved significant. 
Concerning the semantics of prepositions, learners should relate the 
metaphorical meanings to the spatial meanings to consolidate their 
language knowledge and language use. 
- In foreign language learning, both auditory and visual sources of 
information are crucial. Combining both sources can foster the learning 
process and outcomes. 


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- Being attentive to the teacher instruction is essential in contexts where 
English is used as a foreign language, but it is not sufficient. Students 
learning English as a foreign language should also get exposed to 
language use. Speaking and writing tasks offered by the teacher in the 
classroom may do some help. 

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