Keywords: PPV, SYNCRIP, NS1 mRNA, Alternative splicing, NS2 mRNA
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Introduction
Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) is a major causative agent
of stillbirth, mummification, and embryonic death in
swine [
1
]. PPV is a single negative strand DNA virus that
belongs to the species ungulate protoparvovirus 1 in the
genus protoparvovirus [
2
], which contains two identical
inverted terminal repeats (ITR) at both ends (Figure
1
A).
The genome contains two major open reading frames
(ORF), the ORF1 encodes the nonstructural proteins
NS1, NS2 and NS3, whereas the ORF2 encodes struc-
tural proteins VP1, VP2 and nonstructural protein SAT
(Figures
1
B, C). NS1 is a multifunctional protein, which is
necessary for effective viral replication and production of
infective virion [
3
,
4
]. It is related to cell apoptosis induc-
tion [
5
,
6
], cell cycle arrest and the suppression of type I
interferon responses [
7
,
8
]. Mature NS2 mRNA is com-
pletely located in NS1 mRNA, which is formed by NS1
mRNA after alternative splicing. During the life cycle of
virus, it is very important that the ratio of NS2 to NS1
is precisely regulated. PPV NS2 protein suppresses type
I interferon responses [
9
] and participates in viral egress
from the nucleus by interacting with nuclear export fac-
tor CRM1 [
10
]. However, how NS1 mRNA is spliced to
form NS2 mRNA is unclear.
SYNCRIP is a member of heterogeneous nuclear
ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP), also known as NS1
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