§éng tõ vÒ c¸c gi¸c quan (touch, taste, look, smell, sound)

- The trainer felt gently around the player’s ankle. (Gentlylµ mét tr¹ng tõ bæ nghÜa cho ®éng tõ felt).

- These pickles taste salty. (salty pickles)

- The school enrolls fewer children than it once did.

- Nam has less time than you do.

- Mai performed well onthe test. (Well bæ nghÜa cho ®éng tõ performed.)

- The band played badly at the concert. (Badly bæ nghÜa cho ®éng tõ played.)

Words, phrases, or clauses set off

not nothing nowhere barely neither no one hardly

2.10. so s¸nh (MAKING COMPARISONS)
Khi dïng ®Ó so s¸nh, d¹ng cña tÝnh tõ vµ tr¹ng tõ biÕn ®æi.

§Ó so s¸nh, h·y tu©n thñ nh÷ng quy t¾c sau:

Khi so s¸nh hai vËt,

■ thªm –er vµo nh÷ng tõ bæ nghÜa ng¾n gåm mét hoÆc hai ©m tiÕt: (taller, wiser).

■ dïng tõ more hoÆc less tr­íc nh÷ng tõ bæ nghÜa cã trªn hai ©m tiÕt: (more dependable, less outrageous).
Khi so s¸nh trªn hai vËt,

■ thªm –est vµo nh÷ng tõ bæ nghÜa ng¾n gåm mét hoÆc hai ©m tiÕt: (funniest, rudest).

■ dïng tõ most hoÆc least tr­íc nh÷ng tõ bæ nghÜa cã trªn hai ©m tiÕt: (most intelligent, least precisely).
Tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt: Nh÷ng tõ bæ nghÜa sau ®©y kh«ng tu©n theo nh÷ng quy t¾c trªn – chóng thay ®æi hoµn toµn d¹ng kh¸c.
Tõ bæ nghÜa So s¸nh h¬n So s¸nh tuyÖt ®èi

good better best

well better best

many more most

much more most

bad worse worst

little less or lesser least

2.11. §éng tõ (Verbs)

§éng tõ lµ trung t©m cña c©u – chóng diÔn ®¹t hµnh ®éng hoÆc tr¹ng th¸I cña chñ ng÷. C¸c th× cña ®éng tõ cho ng­êi ®äc thÊy ®­îc hµnh ®éng x¶y ra, ®· x¶y ra, sÏ x¶y ra khi nµo.

§éng tõ cã 5 d¹ng c¬ b¶n:

→to swim, to hope, to be

→The baby smiles a lot.

→School officials warned the students last fall.

dïng c¸c trî ®éng tõ nh­ has, have, hoÆc had. →The reporter has followed the story since it broke.

D¹ng ph©n tõ hiÖn t¹i ®­îc h×nh thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm –ing. Qu¸ khø vµ ph©n tõ qu¸ khø ®­îc h×nh thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm –ed. Víi th× qu¸ khø, nÕu ®éng tõ kÕt thóc b»ng –y th× ®æi –y thµnh –i vµ thªm –ed. Sau ®©y lµ mét sè vÝ dô:

Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã cïng d¹ng ë hiÖn t¹i, qu¸ khø vµ qu¸ khø ph©n tõ nh­: bet, hit, set, bid, hurt, shut, burst, put, spread, cost, quit, upset, cut, read, v.v
§éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c (IRREGULAR VERBS )

Trong tiÕng Anh cã kho¶ng 150 ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c. Nh÷ng ®éng tõ nµy kh«ng tu©n theo quy t¾c chuÈn vÒ ®æi th×.

• 
  ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c cã d¹ng qu¸ khø vµ qu¸ khø ph©n tõ gièng nhau.
  
• 
  ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c cã 3 d¹ng kh¸c biÖt
  
• 
  ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c cã d¹ng hiÖn t¹i vµ qu¸ khø ph©n tõ gièng nhau.
  

Cã thÓ t×m thÊy B¶ng ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c trong bÊt kú cuèn s¸ch häc tiÕng Anh nµo.

bite bit bit

dig dug dug

bleed bled bled

hear heard heard

hold held held

light lit lit

meet met met

pay paid paid

say said said

sell sold sold

tell told told

shine shone shone

shoot shot shot

sit sat sat

spin spun spun

spit spat spat

swear swore swore

tear tore tore

creep crept crept

deal dealt dealt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

leave left left

mean meant meant

send sent sent

sleep slept slept

spend spent spent

bring brought brought

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

fight fought fought

teach taught taught

think thought thought

feed fed fed

flee fled fled

find found found

grind ground ground

begin began begun

ring rang rung

sing sang sung

spring sprang sprung

do did done

go went gone

am was been

is was been

see saw seen

drink drank drunk

shrink shrank shrunk

sink sank sunk

stink stank stunk

come came come

overcome overcame overcome

run ran run

■ Hçn hîp c¸c th× cña ®éng tõ — ChuyÓn ®æi th× trong c©u cã thÓ lµm thay ®æi nghÜa cña c©u. Th«ng th­êng, mét ®o¹n v¨n më ®Çu b»ng th× hiÖn t¹i sÏ tiÕp tôc ë th× hiÖn t¹i.

■ Th× qu¸ khø kh«ng thÝch hîp — Kh«ng ding th× qu¸ khø ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét néi dung vÒ ®iÒu kiÖn hiÖn t¹i.

C©u sai: T©m met the new director. He was very tall. (Isn’t he still tall?)

C©u ®óng: T©m met the new director. He is very tall.

■ Thøc gi¶ ®Þnh — Thøc gi¶ ®Þnh diÔn ®¹t mét ®iÒu t­ëng t­îng, ®iÒu ­íc muèn, hoÆc tr¸I ng­îc víi thùc tÕ. Thøc gi¶ ®Þnh cña was lµ were.

- If I were rich, I’d quit my job and move to Tahiti. (I am not rich.)

- If you were a dog, you would be entirely dependent upon human beings. (You are not a dog.)

Lie cã nghÜa to rest, to recline (subject) . - Don’t just lie there like a lump, do something!

Past tense: lay, had lain

- Last night, he lay on the couch and fell asleep.

Lay cã nghÜa “to place, to set down.” (needs an object)

- I always lay my keys on the counter. (The object is keys.)

- Past tense: laid, had laid - Ruben laid the blankets on the bed yesterday.
Sit/Set

Sit means “to rest.” (subject) - She always sits behind her desk.

Set means “to put or place.” (needs an object). - He set the files on my desk. (The object is files.)
Rise/Raise

Rise cã nghÜa “to go up.” (subject) - After it is filled with hot air, the balloon rises.

Raise cã nghÜa “go move something up.”(needs an object)

- The town officials are raising property taxes this year. (The object is taxes.)

2.12. Côm thµnh ng÷ cã giíi tõ (PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS)

BiÕt ®­îc giíi tõ nµo (to, of, about, for, with, about, on, upon,

etc.) thÝch hîp trong c©u lµ mét th¸ch thøc lín. H·y xem xÐt nh÷ng côm thµnh ng÷ cã gi­íi tõ phæ biÕn d­íi ®©y:
according to depend on/upon next to afraid of equal to

of the opinion anxious about except for on top of

apologize to (someone) fond of opposite of

apologize for (something) from now on prior to

approve of from time to time proud of ashamed of

frown on/upon regard to aware of full of

related to blame (someone) for glance at/through rely on/upon

blame (something) grateful to (someone) respect for

on grateful for (something) responsible for

bored with in accordance with satisfied with capable of

incapable of similar to compete with in conflict

sorry for complain about inferior to suspicious of

composed of insist on/upon take care of concentrate on

in the habit of thank (someone) for concerned with in the near future

congratulate on interested in tired of conscious of

knowledge of with regard to consist of

1. C©u ph¶i cã mét chñ ng÷ vµ mét vÞ ng÷ vµ diÔn ®¹t mét t­ duy hoµn chØnh.

2. Chñ ng÷`cña c©u lµ phÇn nãi vÒ c©u nµy nãi vÒ ai hoÆc c¸I g×.

3. VÞ ng÷ lµ phÇn cña c©u m« t¶ chñ ng÷a lµ g× hoÆc ®ang lµm g×.

4. MÖnh ®Ò lµ mét tËp hîp tõ cã mét chñ ng÷ vµ mét vÞ ng÷.

5. MÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp ®øng riªng rÏ vµ diÔn ®¹t mét t­ duy hoµn chØnh.

6. Tõ lo¹i lµ danh tõ, ®éng tõ, trî ®éng tõ, tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ vµ giíi tõ.

7. §Ó cã ®­îc sù phï hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ, chñ ng÷ cña c©u ph¶i phï hîp víi ®éng tõ vÒ sè.

8. CÇn lµm quen víi nh÷ng bÉy phæ biÕn liªn quan ®Õn sù phï hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ.

9. BiÕt c¸ch nhËn d¹ng c¸c lçi phæ biÕn vÒ ®¹i tõ vµ c¸c ®¹i tõ r¾c rèi.

10. TÝnh tõ bæ nghÜa cho danh tõ vµ ®¹i tõ.

11. Tr¹ng tõ bæ nghÜa cho ®éng tõ, tÝnh tõ vµ tr¹ng tõ kh¸c.

12. Rµ so¸t nh÷ng lçi ng÷ ph¸p phæ biÕn liªn quan ®Õn tõ bæ nghÜa vµ c¸c bæ ng÷ r¾c rèi.

13. Trong mét c©u, tr¸nh ding hai ®©ij tõ hoÆc bæ ng÷ phñ ®Þnh.

14. Ph¶I biÕt c¸ch t¹o c¸c d¹ng so s¸nh tu¬ng ®èi vµ tuyÖt ®èi cña c¸c bæ ng÷.

15. 5 d¹ng c¬ b¶n cña ®éng tõ lµ: nguyªn thÓ, th× hiÖn t¹i, ph©n tõ hiÖn t¹i, qu¸ khø vµ ph©n tõ qu¸ khø.

17. Xem xÐt c¸c lçi th«ng th­êng liªn quan ®Õn th× cña ®éng tõ vµ c¸c ®éng tõ r¾c rèi.

18. Rµ so¸t vµ nhí c¸c thµnh ng÷ më ®Çu b»ng giíi tõ th«ng dông.

READING

C¸c c©u hái phÇn ®äc hiÓu bµI thi TOEFL th­êng cã 9 lo¹i:

VÝ dô:

■ What is this paragraph mainly about?

■ What is the author’s main purpose in this passage?

■ What would be the best title for this passage?

Víi lo¹i c©u hái nµy, ng­êi dù thi sÏ ph¶I x¸c ®Þnh mét sù kiÖn hoÆc chi tiÕt cô thÓ trong ®o¹n ®äc.

VÝ dô:

■ What causes Type II diabetes (bÖnh ®¸I th¸o ®­êng)?

VÝ dô:

■ The author mentions all of the following as important causes of acid rain EXCEPT:

VÝ dô:

■Dµnh cho bµi thi trªn m¸y tÝnh: Click on the sentence inparagraph 3 in which the author mentions the symptoms of tuberculosis (triÖu chøng bÖnh lao).

VÝ dô:

■ The word commotion in paragraph 5 could best bereplaced by:

■ Dµnh riªng cho bµi thi trªn m¸y tÝnh: Look at the word decadent in the passage. Click on another word in the bold text that is closest in meaning to decadent.
6. Suy diÔn (Inferences). Víi lo¹i c©u hái nµy, ng­êi dù thi ph¶i rót ra mét kÕt luËn l«-gÝc trªn c¬ së th«ng tin cã trong bµi.

VÝ dô:

■ This passage suggests that racial profiling is discriminatory because:

VÝ dô:

■Dµnh riªng cho bµi thi trªn m¸y tÝnh:

Look at the word one in thepassage. Click on the word or phrase in the bold text that one refers to.
8. C©u diÔn gi¶i (Paraphrased sentences) (chØ dïng thi trªn m¸y tÝnh). Lo¹i c©u hái nµy yªu cÇu ng­êi dù thi ph¶I x¸c ®Þnh c©u nµo diÔn gi¶I, hoÆc nªu l¹i phï hîp nhÊt víi mét hoÆc nhiÒu c©u trong ®o¹n ®äc.

VÝ dô:

■ What does the author mean by the statement Unfortunately, many state governments have not only

VÝ dô :

§Ó x¸c ®Þnh ®¹i ý cña bµi, h·y nghÜ ®Õn lêi nãi kh¸i qu¸t quy tô toµn bé ý trong ®o¹n v¨n hoÆc bµi viÕt. §õng lÉn lén gi÷a ®¹i ý víi chñ ®Ò. Chñ ®Ò lµ chñ ng÷ - c¸i mµ ®o¹n v¨n nãi ®Õn. ý chÝnh lµ ®iÒu t¸c gi¶ muèn diÔn ®¹t vÒ chñ ng÷.

1. 
   due to
   
2. 
   because
   
3. 
   in spite of
   
4. 
   regardless of
   

1. 
   so that hardly
   
2. 
   where there hardly was
   
3. 
   hardly was
   
4. 
   there was hardly
   

1. Refrigerating meats ________ the spread of bacteria.

1. 
   retards
   
2. 
   retarding
   
3. 
   to retard
   
4. 
   is retarded
   

2. Throughout the animal kingdom, ________ bigger than the elephant.

1. 
   whale is only the
   
2. 
   only the whale is
   
3. 
   is the whale only
   
4. 
   only whale is the
   

3. The fact ________ money orders can usually be easily cashed has made them a popular form of payment.

1. 
   of
   
2. 
   that
   
3. 
   is that
   
4. 
   which is
   

4. The first article of the United States Constitution gives Congress ________ to pass laws.

1. 
   the power
   
2. 
   has the power
   
3. 
   the power is
   
4. 
   of the power
   

Look at the following examples:

The sentence should read, "Guppies are sometimes called rainbow fish because of the males' bright colors." Therefore, you should choose answer A.

The sentence should read, "Serving several terms in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became an important United States politician." Therefore, you should choose answer B.