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6.5 Special patient subsets
Several specific patient subsets deserve particular consideration.
6.5.1 Patients taking oral anticoagulation
Many patients presenting with STEMI are previously on oral anticoa-
gulation or require long-term anticoagulation afterwards. The addi-
tion of DAPT to oral anticoagulation increases the risk of bleeding
complications two- to three-fold compared to anticoagulation
alone.
266
–
269
Management during STEMI: Given that oral anticoagulation is a rel-
ative contraindication for fibrinolysis, when these patients present
with a STEMI, they should be triaged for primary PCI strategy regard-
less of the anticipated time to PCI-mediated reperfusion. Patients
should receive additional parenteral anticoagulation, regardless of the
timing of the last dose of oral anticoagulant. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors
should be avoided. Loading of aspirin should be done as in all STEMI
patients, and clopidogrel is the P2Y
12
inhibitor of choice (600 mg
loading dose) before or at the latest at the time of PCI. Prasugrel and
ticagrelor are not recommended. Ideally, a chronic anticoagulation
regimen should not be stopped during admission. Gastric protection
with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is recommended.
Maintenance after STEMI: In general, continuation of oral anticoa-
gulation in patients with an indication for DAPT (e.g. after STEMI)
should be evaluated carefully and continued only if compelling evi-
dence exists. Ischaemic and bleeding risks should be taken into con-
sideration. While there is a considerable overlap of risk factors
associated with ischaemic with bleeding outcomes, multiple bleeding
risk
scores
outperform
CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc
[Cardiac
failure,
Hypertension, Age
75 (Doubled), Diabetes, Stroke (Doubled) –
VAScular disease, Age 65–74 and Sex category (Female)] in predict-
ing bleeding risk.
270
,
271
For most patients, triple therapy (in the form of oral anticoagula-
tion, aspirin, and clopidogrel) should be considered for 6 months.
Then, oral anticoagulation plus aspirin or clopidogrel should be con-
sidered for an additional 6 months. After 1 year, it is indicated to
maintain only oral anticoagulation. In cases of very high bleeding risk,
triple therapy can be reduced to 1 month after STEMI, continuing on
dual therapy (oral anticoagulation plus aspirin or clopidogrel) up to
1 year, and thereafter only anticoagulation.
5
,
7
The dose intensity of oral anticoagulation should be carefully
monitored with a target international normalized ratio in the lower
70>3>
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