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presence of emergency medical system (EMS)-based STEMI net-
works, treatment strategy, history of MI, diabetes mellitus, renal fail-
ure, number of diseased coronary arteries, and left ventricular
ejection fraction (LVEF). Several recent studies have highlighted a fall
in acute and long-term mortality following STEMI in parallel with
greater use of reperfusion therapy, primary percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI), modern antithrombotic therapy, and secondary
prevention.
14
,
21
,
22
Nevertheless, mortality remains substantial; the in-
hospital mortality of unselected patients with STEMI in the national
registries of the ESC countries varies between 4 and 12%,
23
while
reported 1-year mortality among STEMI patients in angiography
registries is approximately 10%.
24
,
25
Although ischaemic heart disease develops on average 7–10 years
later in women compared with men, MI remains a leading cause of
death in women. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) occurs three to
four times more often in men than in women below the age of
60 years, but after the age of 75, women represent the majority of
patients.
26
Women tend to present more often with atypical symp-
toms, up to 30% in some registries,
27
and tend to present later than
men.
28
,
29
It is therefore important to maintain a high degree of aware-
ness for MI in women with potential symptoms of ischaemia. Women
also have a higher risk of bleeding complications with PCI. There is an
ongoing debate regarding whether outcomes are poorer in women,
with several studies indicating that a poorer outcome is related to
older age and more comorbidities among women suffering MI.
26
,
30
,
31
Some studies have indicated that women tend to undergo fewer inter-
ventions than men and receive reperfusion therapy less fre-
quently.
26
,
32
,
33
These guidelines aim to highlight the fact that women
and men receive equal benefit from a reperfusion strategy and STEMI-
related therapy, and that both genders must be managed in a similar
fashion.
3. What is new in the 2017
version?
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