Analysis on the Defects in Yarn Manufacturing Process & its Prevention in Textile Industry
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The spindle, which hangs from the fibers, twists the fibers as it rotates downward, and spins a length of
yarn as it pulls away from the fiber bundle. [23]When the spindle reaches the floor, the spinner winds the yarn
around the spindle to secure it and then starts the process again. This is continued until all of the fiber is spun or
until the spindle is full.
A major improvement was the spinning wheel, invented in India between 500 and 1000 A.D. and first
used in Europe during the middle Ages. A horizontally mounted spindle is connected to a large,
hand-driven
wheel by a circular band. The distaff is mounted at one end of the spinning wheel and the fiber is fed by hand to
the spindle, which turns as the wheel turns. A component called the flyer twists the thread just before it is
wound on a bobbin. The spindle and bobbin are attached to the wheel by separate parts, so that the bobbin turns
more slowly than does the spindle. Thus, thread can be twisted and wound at the same time. About 150 years
later, the Saxon wheel was introduced.
Operated by a foot pedal, the Saxon wheel allowed both hands the
freedom to work the fibers. [27, 30]
A number of developments during the eighteenth century further mechanized the spinning process. In
1733, the flying shuttle was invented by John Kay, followed by Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1766. The jenny
featured a series
of spindles set in a row, enabling one operator to produce large quantities of yarn. Several years
later Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame, a machine that used a series of rotating rollers to draw out
the fibers. A decade later Samule Cromptons' mule machine was invented, which could spin any type of yarn in
one continuous operation. [32]
The ring frame was invented in 1828 by the American John Thorp and is still widely used today. This
system involves hundreds of spindles mounted vertically inside a metal ring. Many natural fibers are now spun
by the open-end system, where the fibers are drawn by air into a rapidly rotating cup and pulled out on the other
side as a finished yarn. [33]
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