13 Distillation ................................................................................................. 295
13.1
Introduction ................................................................................... 295
13.2 Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) ........................................................ 295
13.3 Continuous fl ash distillation ............................................................ 298
13.4 Batch (differential) distillation ......................................................... 301
13.5 Fractional distillation ...................................................................... 304
13.5.1 Basic concepts ................................................................... 304
13.5.2 Analysis and design of the column ...................................... 305
13.5.3 Effect of the refl ux ratio ...................................................... 310
13.5.4 Tray confi guration .............................................................. 310
13.5.5 Column confi guration ........................................................ 311
13.5.6 Heating with live steam ...................................................... 311
13.5.7 Energy considerations ......................................................... 312
13.6 Steam distillation ............................................................................ 313
13.7 Distillation of wines and spirits ........................................................ 314
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