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An American professor who studied the Mayas has come up with a new theory about the sudden end of their empire. (36)_____ to Professor Richard Hansen, an archaeologist at the University of California, the (37)_____ of the Mayan civilization in central American was (38)_____ about by the Mayans themselves.

Their object was to display their (39)_____ and power by making their buildings and decoration as beautiful as possible. This involved using large quantities of lime, which they put on the walls to make them smooth. (40)_____, the creation of lime is a process which requires intense heat, and they therefore had to cut down huge numbers of trees. This (41)_____ the quality of the soil, and it became almost impossible to farm.

Professor Hansen, who has just returned from an excavation in the El Mirador region of northern Guatemala, told a meeting of archaeologists in Philadelphia that the Mayas, having made this mistake in the 3^rd century, repeated it 600 years later, at which time it proved fatal. Increasing food (42)_____ among the Mayas created a Central American equivalent of the Peloponnesian War which ravaged (43)_____ Greece. However, (44____ the Greek civil war, which only lasted for 27 years, the Mayas wars went on for many centuries and left many of their great cities and temples in (45)___

Câu 36. A. Respecting B. Referring C. Relating D. According

Câu 37. A. stop B. crash C. collapse D. drop

Câu 38. A. made B. turned C. came D. brought

Câu 39. A. wealth B. cash C. fortune D. salary

Câu 40. A. suddenly B. Unfortunately C. particularly D. gradually

Câu 41. A. influenced B. poisoned C. affected D. effected

Câu 42. A. failures B. droughts C. lack D. shortages

Câu 43. A. past B. ancient C. old D. antique

Câu 44. A. unless B. apart C. without D. unlike

Câu 45. A. spoils B. ruins C. injuries D. damaged

With a GPS receiver, you need never be lost again. Whether you are driving in a new city or climbing a mountain path, you can use GPS (Global Positioning System) to find out exactly where you are. In recent years, the development of very small and inexpensive receivers has made possible all kinds of other uses. Many cars now come equipped with GPS receivers and computerized maps to show where you are. Parents or pet owners put receivers on their children or their dogs so they cannot be lost. However, what makes GPS so useful – the way it allows us to keep track of people and things – could also make it dangerous if it is used for the wrong purposes. Some organizations that are concerned about rights to privacy have argued that there should be limits to who can use GPS and for what purpose. In the United States, several cases have been brought to court to question the right of the government or private companies to track people “without their knowledge”.

One important case came up in 2003 before the Supreme Court in the state of Washington. Under American laws protecting the right to privacy, the government or the police are not allowed to investigate a person’s private life if there is no evidence that he or she has committed a crime. In the Washington case, the police had wanted to learn more about the habits of a man they suspected, so they hid a GPS receiver in his car. Lawyers for the suspect argued that this was illegal because it went against his right to privacy. The Washington Supreme Court agreed. In their view, hiding a GPS receiver in a car was like putting an invisible police officer in the back seat. This was acceptable practice only if the police already had evidence that the suspect had been involved in a crime and if they had permission from a judge. Otherwise, it could not be used.

In 2005, another interesting case involving GPS was brought before the Supreme Court in Connecticut. This vase involved a rental car company that decided to use GPS technology to prevent customers from driving their cars too fast. They hid GPS receivers in all their rental cars, which allowed them to know where each car was at any time. The receivers could also be used to calculate the speed at which a car moved from one place to another. If the car was driven faster than 80 miles per hour (120 km/hour), the driver was charged an extra $150. Though the rental contract did mention GPS in very small print, customers were not told about it or about the extra charge. One customer who was charged $450 for speeding three times became very angry and he decided to bring the rental company to court. In his view, the rental company had used GPS to spy on him illegally and the charges were unfair. The Connecticut Supreme Court agreed that this use of GPS was not acceptable and told the rental company to return the $450. According to the judges, the rental company should have informed the driver about the existence of a GPS receiver in the car and about the speeding charge.

Câu 46. The passage is written to…………

advertise GPS

describe the use of GPS and its controversial issues

explain how GPS works

describe the development of GPS

Câu 48. GPS is used to locate………..

people B. things C. moving objects D. A & B

Câu 49. According to the passage, the wrong use of GPS is………

expensive B. dangerous C. concerned D. lost

Câu 50. Some of organizations are concerned that the use of GPS in some cases may violate……….

privacy B. limits C. human rights D. legal purpose

Câu 51. The phrase “without their knowledge” means…………

they don’t have knowledge about it

they don’t understand it

they are not informed of its existence

they are thankful to it

Câu 52. The word “case” in the first line of the second paragraph refers to…………

a container B. a court case C. a pillow case D. a situation

Câu 53. According to the passage, the word “privacy” can be used interchangeably with…………

public life C. private life

personal problems D. criminal life

Câu 54. According to the Washington Supreme Court, hiding a GPS receiver to investigate a person’s habit without prior evidence that he had been involved in a crime is…………

useful B. hard C. acceptable D. illegal

Câu 55. The Connecticut Supreme Court thought that hiding a GPS receiver in the car without the customer’s knowing it is………

understandable B. informal C. unfair D. unacceptable

Câu 56. The word “they” in line 4 of the last paragraph refers to………..

customers C. police

rental car company D. the Supreme court Connecticut