Biofloc Systems for Sustainable Production of Economically Important Aquatic Species: a review
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- 3. Dietary Protein Reduction
| Table 1.
Some of the conducted studies on probiotics in BFT systems included in animal diets or added directly into the rearing water for enhancement of the general wellbeing of the reared aquatic species.
Litopenaeus vannamei Altai™, Providencia, Santiago, Chile (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus natto, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 10 9 CFU g −1 –45 days ↑ Growth and survival. ↓ Severe lesions in shrimp tissues. ↓ Abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Aguilera-Rivera et al. [ 50 ] Penaeus indicus Bacillus sp. 5.4 ×
9 CFU
mL −1 –90 days ↑ Immunity
Panigrahi et al. [ 51 ] Litopenaeus vannamei Bacillus spp. 1 ×
4 CFU
mL −1 –42 days ↓ Abundance of pathogenic bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus (BCCM 2068). ↑ Immunity. Ferreira et al. [ 52 ] Litopenaeus vannamei Bacillus sp. 1.5 ×
8 CFU
L −1 –95 days ↑ Microbial diversity of beneficial bacteria. ↓ Abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Hu et al. [ 53 ]
Bacillus sp. 5 × 10 10 CFU–60 days ↑ Growth performance, survival rate, and feed utilization. Putra et al. [ 6 ] Clarias gariepinus Bacillus cereus 5 mg L −1
↑ Growth performance. Hapsari [ 54 ] Oreochromis niloticus Bacillus sp. Rhodococcus sp. 1 × 10 7 CFU mL −1 –60 days ↑ Survival. Kathia et al. [ 55 ] Oreochromis niloticus Multi strain probiotics (B. subtilis, L. plantarum, L. Rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii) 10 8
−1 –112 days ↑ Immune response (serum protease, SOD, CAT, AP, MPO, and RBA activities). ↓ Mortality against Aeromonas hydrophila infection challenge. Mohammadi et al. [ 56 ] Sustainability 2021, 13, 7255 6 of 15
Table 1. Cont. Aquatic Species Probiotic Species Dosage and Duration of Study Observation Reference Oreochromis niloticus Bacillus sp. L. acidophilus 10 7
mL −1 –8 weeks ↑ Survival percent and weight in fish fed on Bacillus sp. alone or probiotic mixture. ↑ Resistance against pathogenic bacteria. Aly et al. [ 57 ]
Chlorella vulgaris Scenedesmus obliquus 0.014 g L −1 –12 days ↔ Growth
performance. ↑ Immune response. Jung et al. [ 58 ] Cyprinus carpio B. pumilus L. delbrueckii 12.8
× 10 8 cells ml −1 and 13.5 × 10 8 cells mL −1 –60 days ↑ Development of suspended biomass in the BFT system. ↑ Immunity and disease resistance. Dash et al. [ 59 ]
↑ ): Increase; ( ↓ ): Decrease; ( ↔ ): No change; BFT: Biofloc technology; RBA: Respiratory burst activity; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; AP: Alkaline phosphatase; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; CFU: Colony forming units.
Dietary protein (DP) is the most expensive ingredient in aquaculture feeds. It is used for tissue and body maintenance as well as sustaining the growth of aquatic organisms. Using high-protein diets above the recommended range not only pollutes the aquatic ecosystem via nitrogenous waste excretion but also increases the costs of production [ 60 ]. For example, in Clarias sp. production, farmers in the hatchery generally feed the fry on high-protein diets in the range of 38–40% to reach the maximum output. This is costly to the farmer and does not match the low selling prices of the fish fry [ 8 ]. Since bioflocs can serve as alternative nutritive sources for the reared aquatic species, Tacon et al. [ 61 ] suggested that bioflocs might also permit the use of lower feed rations and a reduction in the use of costly feed ingredients. Moreover, several studies have indicated that the protein content of bioflocs ranges between 12% and 50% and this depends on the type of organic carbon source used [ 39 ,
– 65 ]. Braga et al. [ 66 ] evaluated the effect of feeds with different protein levels (BFT + FF: 68.48% dietary protein; BFT + BF: 52.51%; BFT + JF: 39.91%) on the spermatophore and sperm quality of Litopenaeus vannamei males (36.40 ± 3.13 g) cultured for 30 days under the BFT system during the pre-maturation period. Compared to shrimp cultured under a clear water system and fed on a mixture of fresh food, higher sperm quality (survival %, spermatophore weight, sperm count %, normal sperm rate %, and dead sperm rate %) was recorded in shrimp fed on BFT + JF compared to other protein levels and a mixture of fresh food. Generally, better sperm and spermatophore quality of shrimp cultured in BFT system were noted compared to those reared under a clear water system, hence indicating the superiority of a BFT-dominated zero exchange system in maintaining better reproductive performance. Xia et al. [ 60 ] investigated the influence of different DP levels (31%, 35%, 39%, 43%, and 47%) on the growth, digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, and stress tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (6.2 ± 0.2 g) reared under a BFT system for 60 days. The authors observed increasing weight gain with increasing DP levels up to 43% DP, whereas the lowest feed conversion ratio and protein digestibility were recorded at 43% DP. Moreover, higher digestive enzyme activity and tolerance in a sudden decline in salinity were noted at 43% DP. Using spoilage date extract (SDE) as a carbon source for the BFT system, Abbaszadeh et al. [ 67 ] found that feeding Litopenaeus vannamei (5.4 ± 0.3 g) on diets containing different protein levels (P15 and P25%) for 35 days led to improved growth performance (protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value). Moreover, lower total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) was observed in the SDE BFT system, indicating better water quality. Under a super-intensive biofloc-dominated system for the culture of Litopenaeus Sustainability 2021, 13, 7255 7 of 15
vannamei, Prangnell et al. [ 65 ] have recently shown that feeding shrimp (4.70 ± 0.66 g) on commercial feeds of different protein content (35% and 40% DP) for 77 days enhanced the final weight and water quality parameters (35% DP), hence indicating that lower DP levels can support shrimp growth performance and maintain good water properties under intensive cultivation. Similar results have previously been reported by Xu et al. [ 68 ], Pinho
et al. [ 69 ], Kumar et al. [ 70 ], and Brito et al. [ 71 ]. Xu and Pan [ 62 ] reported that manipulating C/N ratios in the zero exchange culture of Litopenaeus vannamei (6.95 ± 0.22 g) fed on different DP levels (P25 and P35) influences the growth performance and water quality of shrimp. The authors found no significant difference in the growth performance of shrimp fed on P25 and P35, except for the FCR, where shrimp fed on P35 had a lower FCR. This could be attributed to the low protein content of the bioflocs and difficulty in ingesting bioflocs under experimental conditions. C/N ratios or their interaction with DP levels did not affect the growth performance of animals. In Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), several studies have indicated the maintenance of good water properties and growth performance of fish cultured in BFT systems and fed on lower levels of crude protein in the range of 20–31% [ 33 , 72 – 76 ]. In Juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Aalimahmoudi et al. [ 77 ] found that rearing fish in a BFT system for 8 weeks with a C/N ratio of 15% and 25% DP level improved growth and feeding parameters, body composition, blood biochemical parameters, and water quality suitable for common carp. Zhao et al. [ 78 ] also found that a 20% decrease in DP did not negatively affect the growth performance of mirror cap (Cyprinus carpio specularis) reared in a BFT polyculture system. Khasanah et al. [ 8 ] demonstrated that 34% DP (C/N ratio 15) can replace 38% DP in catfish (Clarias sp. 4–5 cm) fry reared in a BFT system for 35 days. Sawant et al. [ 79 ] evaluated the effect of different DP levels (15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%) on the growth and survival of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) reared in a BFT system for 80 days and found 25% DP (C/N ratio 19:1) to be superior in terms of the improvement in growth performance (average weight, weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate, and survival) compared to other DP levels. Yu et al. [ 80 ] also found that decreasing the DP levels of Rhynchocypris lagowski cultured in the BFT system (8 weeks) from 37% to 29% slightly decreased the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and immune response in fish, but no noticeable difference was noted with those fed on a control diet (clear water condition, 37% DP). tải về 0.71 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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