Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger Co-Cultivation Extract Affects In Vitro Degradation, Fermentation Characteristics, and Bacterial Composition in a Diet-Specific Manner
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Effects of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation fermentation extract on starch disappearance in total mixed ration and corn silage at 7 h in vitro incubation. AOAN indi- cates fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation fermentation extract. *, p < 0.05; **, 0.05 < p < 0.1; TMR, total mixed ration. 3.3. Fermentation Parameters Figure 4
The pH values were decreased (Figure 4 A; p < 0.05), and NH 3 -N concentration in TMR was decreased with AOAN (Figure 4 B; p < 0.05). The total VFAs were increased or tented to be increased by AOAN (Figure 4 C). There were no differences in the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate (Figure 4 E,F; p > 0.05). AOAN increased the molar proportion of acetate, and the acetate to propionate ratio of oat hay and alfalfa hay (Figure 4 D,H; p < 0.05). The molar proportion of total branched fatty acid including isobutyric and isovaleric was not affected by treatment (Figure 4 G; p > 0.05). 3.4. Bacterial Community 3.4.1. Sequence Depth, Diversity, and Composition After data filtering, a total of 2,263,946 reads from 32 samples were obtained with a mean of 70,748 reads for individual samples. The Good’s coverage for each sample was deemed sufficient, with values > 99.00% for all bacterial communities, implying that the current sequencing depth was sufficient to be representative of the microbiota (Supplemental Figure S2. The sample-based rarefaction curves in Supplemental Figure S3 indicate that our sequencing depth was sufficient to accurately describe the bacterial composition of all groups. The α diversity based on OTU level is shown in Figure 5 as the CON group (all feeds without AOAN supplementation) vs. AOAN group (all feeds with AOAN supplementa- tion) (Figure 5 A–D) or individual feed vs. AOAN + individual feed (TMR, Figure 5 E–H;
corn silage, Figure 5 I–L; oat hay, Figure 5 M–P; alfalfa hay, Figure 5 Q–T). The OTU num- ber, Chao1, and ACE of CON and oat hay were increased by AOAN supplementation (p < 0.05). The OTU number and Shannon of TMR were increased by AOAN supplementa- tion (p < 0.05). The α diversity of corn silage and alfalfa hay was not affected by treatment (p > 0.05). |