3. Results
3.1. Gas Production Kinetics Parameters
The effects of AOAN supplementation on the gas production kinetics parameters of
the TMR and the three different roughages are shown in Figure 1. The gas production and
A at 48 h in the TMR, corn silage, and alfalfa hay were significantly increased by AOAN
supplementation (p < 0.05). The A of oat hay was increased by AOAN supplementation (p
< 0.05). Interestingly, the AGPR of TMR and corn silage increased by AOAN supplemen-
tation (p < 0.05).
Figure 1. Effects of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation fermentation extract on in
vitro gas production kinetics parameters of a total mixed ration, corn silage, oat hay, and alfalfa
hay. GP
48h
, cumulative gas production at 48 h; A, ideal maximum gas production; HT, Time to
reach half the ideal maximum gas production; AGPR, average gas production rate when half of
the ideal maximum gas production was produced; CON, feedstuff fermentation with no additive
using the in vitro gas production technique; AOAN, feedstuff fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae
and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation fermentation extract using the in vitro gas production tech-
nique; *, p < 0.05; TMR, total mixed ration.
Figure 1.
Effects of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation fermentation extract on
in vitro gas production kinetics parameters of a total mixed ration, corn silage, oat hay, and alfalfa
hay. GP
48h
, cumulative gas production at 48 h; A, ideal maximum gas production; HT, Time to
reach half the ideal maximum gas production; AGPR, average gas production rate when half of
the ideal maximum gas production was produced; CON, feedstuff fermentation with no additive
using the in vitro gas production technique; AOAN, feedstuff fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae
and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation fermentation extract using the in vitro gas production technique;
*, p < 0.05; TMR, total mixed ration.
3.2. Nutrient Digestibility
Figure
2
shows the effects of AOAN supplementation on DM, CP, NDF, and ADF
digestibility at 48 h. Nutrient digestibility was higher when AOAN was supplied at three
of the time points. All DM digestibility was increased by AOAN supplementation (p < 0.05).
At 48 h, the CP digestibility of corn silage, oat hay, and alfalfa hay was increased by AOAN
supplementation (p < 0.05). The NDF and ADF digestibility at 48 h of all feeds increased
(p < 0.05), except for ADF digestibility of alfalfa hay (0.05 < p < 0.10). All variables were
Animals 2021, 11, 1248
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affected by time (p < 0.05). However, no interaction between AOAN supplementation and
time was observed in most variables (p > 0.05), except for the interaction in DM digestibility
of TMR (p < 0.05).
Animals 2021, 11, x
7 of 19
3.2. Nutrient Digestibility
Figure 2 shows the effects of AOAN supplementation on DM, CP, NDF, and ADF
digestibility at 48 h. Nutrient digestibility was higher when AOAN was supplied at three
of the time points. All DM digestibility was increased by AOAN supplementation (p <
0.05). At 48 h, the CP digestibility of corn silage, oat hay, and alfalfa hay was increased by
AOAN supplementation (p < 0.05). The NDF and ADF digestibility at 48 h of all feeds
increased (p < 0.05), except for ADF digestibility of alfalfa hay (0.05 < p < 0.10). All variables
were affected by time (p < 0.05). However, no interaction between AOAN supplementa-
tion and time was observed in most variables (p > 0.05), except for the interaction in DM
digestibility of TMR (p < 0.05).
Figure 2. Effects of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation fermentation extract on in vitro nutrient disap-
pearance of total mixed ration (A–D), corn silage (E–H), oat hay (I–L), and alfalfa hay (M–P). AOAN indicates fermenta-
tion with Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger co-cultivation fermentation extract. *, p < 0.05; **, 0.05 < p < 0.1; TMR, total
mixed ratio; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber.
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