XáC ĐỊnh giá trị quân lực vnch
tải về 396.08 Kb.
|
| Conclusion
By way of conclusion, I will just state my conviction that the war in Vietnam was a just war fought by the South Vietnamese and their allies for admirable purposes, that those who fought it did so with their mightiest hearts, and that in the process they came very close to succeeding in their purpose of enabling South Vietnam to sustain itself as a free and independent nation. A reporter once remarked that General Creighton Abrams was a man who deserved a better war. I quoted that observation to General Abrams’s eldest son, who immediately responded: “He didn’t see it that way. He thought the Vietnamese were worth it.” So do I. All told, the balance sheet on ARVN, to include very prominently the Regional and Popular Forces integrated into the army in 1970, is positive. The victory ultimately was not won, but the spirit and dedication and courage and determination of those who sought it have found productive new soil here in America. We are all the better for it. Notes: 1 Douglas Pike, “Bibliography: Periodicals,” Indochina Chronology (April-June 1999), p. 1. 2 James Webb, “History Proves Vietnam Victors Wrong,” Wall Street Journal (28 April 2000). 3 Brigadier General James Lawton Collins, Jr., The Development and Training of the South Vietnamese Army, 1950-1972 (Washington: Department of the Army, 1975), p. 101. 4 Lieutenant General Fred C. Weyand, Senior Officer Debriefing Report, CG II Field Force, Vietnam, 29 March 1966 – 1 August 1968, MHI [U.S. Army Military History Institute] files. 5 Message, Abrams to Johnson, MAC 5307, 040950Z June 1967, CMH [U.S. Army Center of Military History] files. 6 Lieutenant General Duong Van Khuyen, RVNAF Logistics (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1980), p. 57. 7 Time, 19 April 1968. 8 Letter, General Bruce C. Clarke to Brigadier General Hal C. Pattison, 29 December 1969, Clarke Papers, MHI. 9 As quoted in Joint Chiefs of Staff, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam, 1960-1968, Part III (Washington: JCS Historical Division, 1 July 1970), p. 51-7. 10 Letter, General Bruce C. Clarke to Brigadier General Hal C. Pattison, 29 December 1969, Clarke Papers, MHI. 11 Brigadier General Zeb B. Bradford, Jr., Interview, 12 October 1989. 12 Message, Abrams to Wheeler and McCain, MAC 13555, 071007Z October 1968, CMH files. 13 William E. Colby, “Vietnam After McNamara,” The Washington Post (27 April 1995). 14 Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, Thayer Award Address, West Point, New York, as printed in the Congressional Record (28 May 1970), p. E4732. 15 Ibid. 16 John Paul Vann, Remarks, Lexington, Kentucky, 8 January 1972, Vann Papers, Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. 17 Message, Abrams to Wheeler and McCain, MAC 13555, 071007Z October 1968, CMH. 18 Brigadier General Tran Dinh Tho, The Cambodian Incursion (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1979), p. 2. 19 Thomas Fleming, Society of the Cincinnati Lecture, Washington, D.C., 28 October 2005. 20 Anthony Joes, Resisting Rebellion (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), p. 139. Joes cites as sources Bruce Catton, Glory Road, pp. 102 and 255, and Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864-1865, p. 131. 21 John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage Books, 2000), pp. 329-331. 22 Geoffrey Perret, There’s a War to Be Won (New York: Ivy Books, 1991), p. 453. 23 Ibid., p. 205. 24 Message, Cliff Snyder, National Archives, to Sorley, 20 May 2002: “We have 123 boxes of Awards to Vietnamese and Free World Military Forces, 1965-1970. We also have 62 boxes under Awards to Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Personnel, 19711973. Lastly, we have the MACV general orders themselves, 48 boxes for 1964-1973. Each box may contain up to 1,000 pages.” 25 An example is Colonel Cau Le, regimental commander of the 47th ARVN Infantry Regiment, who spent a dozen years in combat and another thirteen years (five of them in solitary confinement) as a prisoner of the communists and was awarded the U.S. Silver Star and Bronze Star Medal for valorous combat leadership. Le and his family established a new life in America after his wife, Kieu Van, had worked as a nurse to support their five children until her husband’s release from captivity. See Robert F. Dorr and Fred L. Borch, “U. S. Medals,” Army Times (13 March 2006), p. 52. 26 General Cao Van Vien et al., The U.S. Adviser (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1980), p. 142. 27 Lieutenant General Ngo Quang Truong, Territorial Forces (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1978), p. 134. 28 Ibid., p. 34. 29 General Creighton Abrams at Weekly Intelligence Estimate Update, 18 April 1971, in Lewis Sorley, ed., Vietnam Chronicles (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2004), p. 592. 30 Gen. Cao Van Vien, Leadership (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1981), p. 170. 31 Joes, Resisting Rebellion, p. 138. 32 Vien, Leadership, p. 169. 33 Thomas Polgar, as quoted in J. Edward Lee and Toby Haynsworth, ed., White Christmas in April (New York: Peter Lang, 1975), p. 73. 34 Colonel William LeGro, as quoted in Lee and Haynsworth, White Christmas in April, p. 67. 35 Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, Oral History Interview, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library, p. I:11. 36 Quoted in Jeffrey J. Clarke, Advice and Support: The Final Years (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1988), p. 312. 37 As reported by Major General George I. Forsythe following a 20 January 1968 meeting with President Thieu, quoted in Clarke, Final Years, p. 307. 38 Joint Chiefs of Staff, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 52-43. 39 Notes by Vincent Davis of a telecon during which Vann described his 15 December 1969 presentation at Princeton, Vann Papers, Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. 40 Lester A. Sobel, ed., South Vietnam: U.S.-Communist Confrontation in Southeast Asia, Volume 6: 1971 (New York: Facts on File, 1973), p. 211. 41 Remarks, Lexington, Kentucky, 8 January 1972, Vann Papers. 42 Ellsworth Bunker Interview, Duke University Living History Project, Durham, North Carolina, 2 March 1979. 43 Weekly Intelligence Estimate Update, 30 January 1971, in Sorley, Vietnam Chronicles, p. 525. 44 Ibid., COMUS Update, 16 February 1971, p. 535. 45 Ibid., COMUS Briefing with Admiral McCain, 19 February 1971, and Weekly Intelligence Estimate Update, 27 March 1971, pp. 535, 577. A number of years later Lieutenant General Sidney B. Berry wrote a Letter to the Editor of the Washington Post (18 May 1995) in which he said: “I was privileged to command the American helicopter force that supported Lam Son 719, and I directed the study and analysis of its helicopter support. Herein, I report the correct figures of American helicopters lost to hostile action during that operation.” Berry continued: “The U.S. Army’s after- action analysis shows that 107 helicopters were lost to hostile action during Lam Son 719. These losses occurred during 353,287 sorties and 134,861 flying hours.” 46 Ibid., COMUS Briefing with Admiral McCain, 19 February 1971, p. 537. 47 Ibid., Commanders Weekly Intelligence Estimate Update, 20 February 1971, pp. 538539. 48 Ibid., p. 542. 49 Ibid., COMUS Update, 24 February 1971, pp. 543-544. 50 Ibid., Lieutenant General Ewell Update, 16 March 1971, p. 562. 51 Ibid., COMUS Update, 4 March 1971, p. 551. 52 Ibid., COMUS Update, pp. 550-551. 53 Ibid., COMUS Update, p. 551. 54 Ibid., COMUS Update, pp. 557-558. 55 Ibid., Commanders Weekly Intelligence Estimate Update, 20 March 1971, pp. 564565. 56 Ibid., COMUS Update, 23 March 1971, p. 566. 57 Ibid., Weekly Intelligence Estimate Update, 27 March 1971, p. 577. 58 Message, Lieutenant General James W. Sutherland to Abrams, QTR 0567, 281140Z March 1971, Special Abrams Papers Collection, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. 59 Message, Lieutenant General James W. Sutherland to Abrams, QTR 0446, 211040Z March 1971, Special Abrams Papers Collection. 60 COMUS with Sir Robert Thompson, 25 March 1971, in Sorley, Vietnam Chronicles, p. 569. 61 Ibid., Secretary of the Army Brief, 26 April 1971, p. 608. 62 Ibid., COMUS with Sir Robert Thompson, 25 March 1971, p. 570. 63 Major General Nguyen Duy Hinh, Lam Son 719 (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1979), p. 5. 64 Military History Institute of Vietnam, Victory in Vietnam, trans. Merle L. Pribbenow (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), p. 29. 65 John P. Vann, Letter to Henry Cabot Lodge, 9 December 1969, Vann Papers. 66 Weekly Intelligence Estimate Update, 30 October 1971, in Sorley, Vietnam Chronicles, p. 686. 67 Message, Barnes to Weyand, PKU 0378, 100736Z March 1972, MHI files. 68 Luu Van Loi and Nguyen Anh Vu, Le Duc Tho-Kissinger Negotiations in Paris (Hanoi: World Publishing House, 1996), pp. 66-67. 69 Remarks, Lexington, Kentucky, 8 January 1972, Vann Papers. Vann suggested that, to put Vietnam in perspective, it was useful to know that during 1971 there were 1,221 U.S. servicemen killed in Vietnam and during the same year 1,647 people were killed in New York City. 70 Douglas Pike, “A Look Back at the Vietnam War: The View from Hanoi,” Paper Written for the Vietnam War Symposium, The Wilson Center, Washington, D.C., 7-8 January 1983, p. 17. 71 John Paul Vann, Remarks, Lexington, Kentucky, 8 January 1972, Vann Papers. 72 Military History Institute of Vietnam, Victory in Vietnam, p. 283. 73 Douglas Pike, “The View from Hanoi,” p. 17. 74 Douglas Pike, PAVN: People’s Army of Vietnam (Novato: Presidio Press, 1986), p. 225. 75 Douglas Pike, “The View from Hanoi,” p.17. 76 Commanders Weekly Intelligence Estimate Update, 22 April 1972, in Sorley, Vietnam Chronicles, p. 826. 77 Message, Abrams to Laird, MAC 04039, 020443Z May 1972, CMH files. 78 Military History Institute of Vietnam, Victory in Vietnam, p. 338. 79 Ibid., p. 350. 80 Melvin R. Laird, “Iraq: Learning the Lessons of Vietnam,” Foreign Affairs (November/December 2005), p. 26. 81 The Washington Post (28 December 1968). 82 James L. Buckley, “Vietnam and Its Aftermath,” in Anthony T. Bouscaren, ed., All Quiet on the Eastern Front (Old Greenwich: Devin-Adair, 1977), p. 84. 83 Merle L. Pribbenow, Message to Sorley, 1 May 2002. The estimates of wounded cited are from Lieutenant General Le Trong Tan, Several Issues in Combat Guidance and Command (Hanoi: People’s Army Publishing House, 1979), p. 353. 84 In Lee and Haynsworth, p. 67. 85 As quoted in Todd, Cruel April, p. 145. 86 Seth Mydans, “A War Story’s Missing Pages,” The New York Times (24 April 2000). 87 Vietnam Magazine (August 1990), p. 6. 88 The Boston Globe (30 April 2000). 89 Colonel Stuart Herrington, “Fall of Saigon,” Discovery Channel, 1 May 1995. 90 Douglas Pike, PAVN, p. 310n5. 91 Australian Minister for Immigration Michael MacKellar was quoted as saying that “about half the boat people perished at sea,” basing this conclusion on “talks with refugees and intelligence sources.” Thus, he said in 1979, “we are looking at a death rate of between 100,000 and 200,000 in the last four years.” The Age Newspaper, The Boat People: An Age Investigation (Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1979), p. 80. According to James Banerian, the International Red Cross estimated that 300,000 boat people perished in their attempts to reach safety. Losers Are Pirates, p. 2. Lewis Sorley ABOUT THE AUTHOR Lewis Stone "Bob" Sorley III (August 3, 1934-… ) is an American intelligence analyst and military historian. Lewis Sorley served in Vietnam as executive officer of a tank battalion operating in the Central Highlands. A third-generation graduate of the United States Military Academy, he also holds a Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University. During two decades of military service he led tank and armored cavalry units in the United States and Germany as well as Vietnam, served in staff assignments in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Office of the Army Chief of Staff, and was on the faculties at West Point and the Army War College. Lewis Sorley was born in 1934, in West Point, New York, the son and grandson of officers in the United States Army who were both also West Point graduates. Sorley became an Eagle Scout in San Antonio, Texas in 1950 and was presented the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 2009. He received his high school education at Texas Military Institute and was admitted to the United States Military Academy, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1956. He stayed on at the academy as an instructor and assistant professor of English until 1962. In 1963, he received an Master of Arts degree from the University of Pennsylvania and was deployed to Vietnam, where he served as an executive officer until 1966. From 1967 until 1968, he served as assistant secretary of general staff, Office of the Chief of Staff and then commanded a tank battalion in West Germany until 1972. He taught on the faculty of military planning and strategy at the U.S. Army War College from 1973-1975, in which time he also completed a Master of Public Administration at Pennsylvania State University. He also attended Harvard University and the U.S. Naval War College. He held various administrative positions until his retirement, as a lieutenant colonel, in 1976, upon which he worked as chief of Policy and Plans Division at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In 1979, he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy from Johns Hopkins University. He was associated with the Center for Strategic and International Studies from 1984-1985 and is a member of the advisory council of National Defense Intelligence College as well as the International Institute for Strategic Studies. Sorley's 2004 book Vietnam Chronicles: the Abrams Tapes won the Army Historical Foundation's Trefy Award for providing "a unique perspective on the art of command". His 2008 book Honor Bright: History and Origins of the West Point Honor Code and System points out the similarities between the West Point motto of "Duty, Honor, Country" and the Boy Scouts of America's Scout Oath, stating that each may have influenced the other, pointing out that last part of the Scout Oath was once part of the Cadet Prayer: "...physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight." He is the author of two biographies, Thunderbolt: General Creighton Abrams and the Army of His Times and Honorable Warrior: General Harold K. Johnson and the Ethics of Command, and a history entitled A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America’s Last Years in Vietnam. He has also transcribed and edited Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes, 1968-1972. Sorley wrote “A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam” which was published in 1999 and nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. The book describes an escalating war with the Lyndon B. Johnson White House viewing the conflict too narrowly to see pitfalls of the war. The book was read by Deputy National Security Advisor Thomas E. Donilon, one of the major foreign policy advisors in the White House who gave the book to Rahm Emanuel, White House Chief of Staff. President Barack Obama has stated that he has read the book as has Vice President Joseph Biden. The book has been compared to a contrasting book, Lessons in Disaster, which is widely read by military leaders. The Wall Street Journal reported the reading of the book by officials at the highest level of government and that it influenced the Iraq War troop surge of 2007. * * *
/ Каталог: groups -> 20745874 -> 1517459420 -> name groups -> Viettudan an ban/ Edition: unicode fonts Dau tranh cho Tu-do Ca-nhan & Nguyen-tac Dan-chu Xa-hoi tai Viet-Nam groups -> Lời Tuyên Bố của các Công Dân Tự Do groups -> PHẦn chuyển tiếp kính thưa quý vị và các bạn trẻ, giữa những ngưới Việt chúng ta, tôi nói groups -> Ý Nga sưu tầm và cập nhật hóa ngày 21-4-2013, với nhạc của nhạc sĩ: TừYên, Hà Thúc Sinh vừa thêm vào groups -> BÁo cáo môn: RÈn luyện nghiệp vụ SƯ phạM 3 groups -> Phản Bội hay Tự Do cho Việt Nam ? groups -> Tin khoa hoc december 31, 2010 Những vụ phóng vệ tinh thất bại trong 2010 Trong năm 2010, một số quốc gia đã vấp phải các sự cố trong việc phóng vệ tinh vào không gian groups -> Một Thời Bạn Học Revised 8/4/10 việt nam name -> TÁi xáC ĐỊnh giá trị quân lực việt nam cộng hòA tải về 396.08 Kb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
|