II. ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ:
ĐẠI TỪ
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VỊ TRÍ
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VÍ DỤ
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CHỨC NĂNG
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WHO
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Nperson + who + V
Nperson + who + S + V
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The girl who is standing there is Ann.
The student who the head teacher met was John.
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S (Đứng trước động từ trong MĐQH); O: Đứng trước chủ ngữ trong MĐQH
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WHOM
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Nperson + whom + S + V
WHOM không đứng trước động từ chính trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
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Is she the girl whom you are waiting for?
Is she the girl whom who is waiting for you?
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O: Đứng trước chủ ngữ trong MĐQH
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WHICH
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Nthing + which + V
Nthing + which + (S) + V
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The book which is on the table is mine.
The dress which she is wearing is beautiful.
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S, O
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WHOSE
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Noun1 + WHOSE + Noun2
Notes: Whose chỉ đứng giữa hai danh từ. Whose không đứng trước: động từ chính trong câu, đại từ nhân xưng (I, you,we they, he, she, it), tính từ sở hữu my, your, our, their, his, her, its), mạo từ (a, an, the), tính từ chỉ định (this, that, these, those)
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The dog whose hair is brown belongs to me.
The dog whose which the owner is taking for a walk is beautiful.
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Possessive (Quan hệ sở hữu).
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THAT
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That ≈ Who / Whom / Which
Note: Không dùng THAT trong MĐQH không xác định tức là nó không đứng sau dấu phẩy “,”.
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The pen that is on the desk is expensive.
Mr. John, that who works in the hospital, has a big house.
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S, O
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Nperson + Nthing/animal + that ….…
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The dancers and landscapes that he painted were very lively.
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Superlative - N + that …..
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It is the best film that I have ever seen.
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Indefinite pronoun + that…
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Is there anything that I can do to help?
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WHICH
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S + V, which ______
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He’s passed the exam, which surprises me.
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Thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó.
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WHERE
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in / on / at + which ( place ) WHERE: không đứng trước động từ trong MĐQH
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This is the house in which I was born.
The house where which is next to the church is Laura's.
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TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ NƠI CHỐN
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WHY
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for + which ( reason )
WHY: không đứng trước động từ trong MĐQH
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Tell me the reason for which you often phone her.
Tell me the reason why you often phone her.
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TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ LÝ DO
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WHEN
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in/ on/ at which (time – thời gian) WHEN: không đứng trước động từ trong MĐQH
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I still remember the time when we first met.
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TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ THỜI GIAN
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Reduced Relative Clauses
Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn
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Present participle
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N + who / which / that + (V)
→ N + Ving (active-câu chủ động)
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The man talking to the teacher is my father. (who is talking to the teacher)
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Past participle
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N + who / which / that + (Vbe) + V3 / ed
→ N + V3 / ed (passive-câu bị động)
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The book published last week is her first novel. (which was published last week)
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To - infinitive
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the first, the second, .…., the next the last, the only, the superlative - N + WHO/ WHOM, WHICH, THAT + V(Main verb – Động chính)
→ the first, the second, .…., the next, the last, the only, the superlative - N + to V0(Động từ chính)
Note: Động từ chính trong mệnh đề quan hệ cần được đưa về dạng nguyên thể khi chúng đa bị chia)
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Armstrong was the first man who flew into space. -> Armstrong was the first man to fly into space.
Who was the last person to see the man alive? (that saw the man alive)
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Omission of relative pronouns
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Có thể lược bỏ ĐTQH (WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT) nếu chúng đóng vai trò là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
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The man (who) I told you was my teacher.
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RELATIVE PRONOUNS
EXERCISISE 1:
Choose the best option among A, B, C, or D to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Tom, _________ is a monitor of the class, is also the captain of the school football team.
A. who B. which C. whom D. that
2. Budapest, ______ is on the Danube, is a beautiful city.
A. whom B. that C. who D. which
3. The street _______ leads to my school is very narrow.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
4. Bring me the clock _______ is over there.
A. whom B. which C. whose D. who
5. My friend, ____ aunt is nurse, would like to be a doctor someday.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
6. The dog, ____ tail I stepped on, bit me.
A. who B. whose C. which D. whom
7. Please give this to the beggar____ is at the door.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
8. She gives her children everything ____ they want.
A. that B. who C. whom D. what
9. Have you ever seen the photographs ____ Ann took?
A. that B. where C. when D. who
10. I met the woman ____ can speak six languages.
A. who B. that C. which D. whom
11. We don’t know the reason ______ Peter is absent today.
A. who B. which C. that D. why
12. He rushed into the burning building, _______ was very brave.
A. it B. who C. that D. which
13. They are living in the house ______ they bought last month.
A. which B. where C. when D. who
14. We are going to visit Hanoi, ________ is the capital city of Vietnam.
A. which B. that C. where D. who
15. Sally lost her job, ________ wasn’t surprising.
A. that B. what C. it D. which
RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH PREPOSITIONS
N(Người)
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+ Preposition – Giới từ +
In, on, at, for, to, with, from, of, by, against, by…
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WHOM
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N(Vật)
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WHICH
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Exercise 2: Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.
1. The house in ________ I was born and grew up was destroyed in an earthquake ten years ago.
A. which B. where C. that D. where
2. Do you know the man about ___________ they’re talking?
A. whom B. whose C. that D. who
3. The film about _____ they are talking is fantastic.
A. who B. which C. whom D. that
4. I must thank the man from _____ I got the present.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
5. He is the singer about ____ I often tell you.
A. that B. who C. whom D. him
6. The concert ____ I listened last weekend was boring.
A. to that B. to which C. for what D. for which
7. That’s the girl to ____ my brother got engaged.
A. which B. who C. whom D. her
8. I like the village ____ I used to live.
A. in that B. in where C. which D. in which
9. I don’t know the reason ____ she hasn’t talked to me recently.
A. on which B. for which C. of which D. about which
10. The little girl ____ I borrowed this pen has gone.
A. whose B. from who C. from that D. from whom
RELATIVE ADVERBS – TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences.
1. I don’t like the place ________ he lives.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
2. The town _______ we are living is noisy and crowded.
A. in where B. which C. at which D. where
3. The year ______ we came to live here was 1975.
A. when B. which C. that D. in the time
4. The year ______ the first man travelled in space will never be forgotten.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
5. This is the place ______ the battle took place forty years ago.
A. which B. in where C. where D. from where
6. I will never forget the time __________ he said good bye to me.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
7. Last month we spent our holiday in Tokyo, ________ there are many temples.
A. which B. that C. where D. whom
8. Do you know the reason ______ they didn’t go swimming with us last week?
A. what B. why C. how D. which
9. Sundays are the days ______ children don’t have to go to school.
A. who B. which C. that D. when
10. The house __________ Mozart was born is now a museum.
A. where B. which C. why D. when
CLEFT SENTENCES
Chi Pheo killed Ba Kien in Ba Kien’s house.
Subject Object Adverbial phrase
1. Subject focus:
It was Chi Pheo who killed Ba Kien in Ba Kien’s house.
--> Form: It + to be + S + WHO/ WHICH/ THAT + V…
2. Object focus:
It was Ba Kien who Chi Pheo killed in Ba Kien’s house.
--> Form: It + to be + O + WHO/ WHICH/ THAT + S + V…
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