Semantics: a coursebook, second edition
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| Evolution, Berkeley: University of California Press (1969).
Much of the material on metaphor and metonymy in Unit 27 is freely adapted from the first few chapters of the following influential book. George Lako ff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1980). Selected additional material for Unit 27 was adapted from and influenced by the following introductory text on cognitive linguistics. John R. Taylor, Cognitive Grammar, New York: Oxford University Press (2002). Further study Since the first edition of this textbook appeared in 1983 the number of scholarly books, articles, and textbooks dealing with semantics has grown immensely, and it is not possible or even appropriate to give an exhaustive listing in an introductory textbook like this one. The intention here is simply to indicate other books of interest that students can consult either for a di fferent approach to topics covered in this book or for information about topics in Semantics that were not dealt with here. Of course, the references in these additional books will lead interested students into other areas of the subject, as well. The following books are good elementary introductions to semantics, covering much of the same material as this book, but in their own di fferent ways, and sometimes adopting somewhat different points of view from ours. Allan Cruse, Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics, 2nd edition, New York: Oxford University Press (2004). Geo ffrey N. Leech, Semantics, 2nd edition, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books (1981). Sebastian Löbner, Understanding Semantics, New York: Arnold/Oxford University Press (2002). Selected references 346 F. R. Palmer, Semantics, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1982). John Saeed, Semantics, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (2003). The following books are also introductions, but at not quite such an elementary level as the ones recommended above. The books by Allan, Frawley, Kearns, Kempson, and Lyons deal in their own unique ways with roughly the same subject area as this book, while the books by Cruse, Leech, and Levinson concentrate on questions of the meanings of utterances in context, i.e. roughly the area we have labelled ‘interpersonal meaning’. Keith Allan, Natural Language Semantics, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers (2001). D. A. Cruse, Lexical Semantics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1986). William Frawley, Linguistic Semantics, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (1992). Kate Kearns, Semantics, New York: St Martin’s Press (2000). Ruth Kempson, Semantic Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1977). Geo ffrey N. Leech, Principles of Pragmatics, London: Longman (1983). Stephen C. Levinson, Pragmatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1983). John Lyons, Linguistic Semantics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1995). The following books focus in particular on formal and logical aspects of meaning like those we treated in Units 12–15, but in much greater detail. Jens Allwood, Lars-Gunnar Andersson, and Östen Dahl, Logic in Linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1977). Gennaro Chierchia and Sally McConnell-Ginet, Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press (1990). Henriëtte de Swart, Introduction to Natural Language Semantics, Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications (1998). The following is an encyclopaedic and authoritative work on semantics, not exactly bed-time reading, but indispensable for serious reference, especially on relatively standard and traditional issues. John Lyons, Semantics (2 volumes), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1977). 347 adjectives 47, 51–3 a ffected 245–57 agent 245–57 ambiguity 128–129–137, 146, 170–1, 186–7 lexical 135 structural 135, 170–1, 186 analytic sentence 95–8, 144, 202–3, 220 and 165–74 anomaly 209–11 antonymy 98, 121–8, 231; see also converse antonymy, binary 121–3, 207, 211, 231 argument of a predicate 48, 50–1, 152–3, 157 Aristotle 13 articles (de finite and indefinite) 9, 47, 72–3, 75–7, 153 assertion 20, 22, 261, 263–4, 296; see also direct illocution; indirect illocution asymmetric predicate 219–20 Austin 267; see also speech acts be 47, 54, 153, 155–6 bene ficiary 249–50, 253–7 biconditional 189–90 but 173–4 cancellation of implicature 323–4 causative 231–232–234, 237–40 clarity 318, 320–2 cognitive (or conceptual) meaning 106 commissive 294–9, 306–7 communication 3, 6–7, 97–8, 311 comparative 231, 237–9 compositionality of meaning 177, 327–9 compound 227, 237 conclusion (of an argument) 149; see also inference, logical rule of conditional 185–90 conjunctions (and, but, or) 9, 47, 144–5; see also connectives connectives 144–5, 165–77, 181–90, 207 constative 264 context (of an utterance) 71–5, 82–3, 95, 214 contradiction 97, 144, 202, 209–11, 221, 324 contradictory 126–28, 219, 222 conversational implicature see implicature converse 123, 211, 231 Cooperative Principle (inc. helpfulness) 292–3, 316–24 declarative sentences 20, 22, 269–71, 284 deduction 207, 209–10 de finiteness (and definite noun phrases) 39, 43, 57, 71–73–77 INDEX Page numbers in bold type indicate places in the text where de finitions of terms are given. The index does not include material found in the exercises or study guide. Index 348 de finitions 100–2, 196–9; see also dictionary; ostensive de finitions degree (of predicates) 50–3 deictic words see deixis deixis 66–71, 95 de Morgan’s Laws 182–4 denotation 90 derivation 225–226–240 derivational rule 226, 228 descriptive fallacy 261 dialect 33 dictionary 100–1, 199–201–203, 205–15, 218–24, 225–40, 244–57 direct illocution 289–291–299, 304, 307 directive 294–7, 304–6 encyclopaedia 201–3 entailment 111–16, 168, 219, 221, tải về 1.74 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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