Semantics: a coursebook, second edition

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press
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First published in print format
ISBN-13    978-0-521-67187-3
ISBN-13 978-0-511-28489-2
© James R. Hurford, Brendan Heasley, and Michael B. Smith 2007
2007
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521671873
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of 
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ISBN-10    0-521-67187-6
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To Sue and Hilda, respectively
James R. Hurford
Brendan Heasley
To my parents
Michael B. Smith

vii
CONTENTS
Prefaces
ix
Acknowledgements
xi
How to use this book
xii
1 Basic ideas in semantics
1
UNIT 1 About semantics
1
UNIT 2 Sentences, utterances, and propositions
16
UNIT 3 Reference and sense
26
2 From reference . . .
36
UNIT 4 Referring expressions
36
UNIT 5 Predicates
45
UNIT 6 Predicates, referring expressions, and universe of discourse
56
UNIT 7 Deixis and de
finiteness
65
UNIT 8 Words and things: extensions and prototypes
79
3 . . . to sense
93
UNIT 9 Sense properties and stereotypes
93
UNIT 10 Sense relations (1)
105
UNIT 11 Sense relations (2)
120
4 Logic
141
UNIT 12 About logic
141
UNIT 13 A notation for simple propositions
152
UNIT 14 Connectives: and and or
164
UNIT 15 More connectives
180
5 Word meaning
194
UNIT 16 About dictionaries
194
UNIT 17 Meaning postulates
205
UNIT 18 Properties of predicates
218
UNIT 19 Derivation
225
UNIT 20 Participant roles
244

Contents
viii
6 Interpersonal and non-literal meaning
260
UNIT 21 Speech acts
260
UNIT 22 Perlocutions and illocutions
269
UNIT 23 Felicity conditions
281
UNIT 24 Direct and indirect illocutions
289
UNIT 25 Propositions and illocutions
303
UNIT 26 Conversational implicature
314
UNIT 27 Non-literal meaning: idioms, metaphor, and metonymy
327
Selected references and recommendations for further study
345
Index
347

ix
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
This new edition of the text is still aimed at the same introductory audience as
the
first edition (as described in the preface to the first edition below). Most
units contain minor changes in the form of extra examples or brief additions to
the text that I feel help make the presentation of topics clearer. A major add-
ition of this new edition is the set of exercises and questions at the end of each
unit, which I developed over the years when I used the book in an introductory
semantics course at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan. In many cases
they parallel similar practices in the
first edition of the textbook, but there are
often additional exercises and study questions that go beyond this earlier
material in order to encourage the student to think about the issues from a
somewhat broader perspective. The frequent practices have been kept and occa-
sionally revised or extended in the new edition. I have not provided answers
(feedback) to the new end-of-unit questions in the text itself. This is to encour-
age students and instructors to seek answers on their own without the easy
temptation of looking them up at the back of the book. Suggested answers to
most of these new exercises and questions are provided in a separate online
answer key for quali
fied instructors (see www.cambridge.org/9780521671873).
While I agree with and have adhered to the selection of topics in the 
first
edition, I have nevertheless tried to brie
fly expand or update a few sections of
the text by adding selected introductory material and references on other
aspects of semantics that were not included in the 
first edition, but which have
become increasingly important in the 
field since that time. Consequently, I
have included new discussion of topics from cognitive semantics in Units 8
through 11, which I think is accessible and of interest to an introductory audi-
ence, including additional basic material on polysemy in Unit 11, and an
entirely new Unit (27) on idiomatic language, metaphor, and metonymy at the
end of the book. Additional discussion was also added in parts of Unit 16
about the di
fferences between dictionaries and encyclopaedias and why this
distinction is important in semantics. The discussion of derivation in Unit 19
has been substantially expanded beyond the treatment of this topic in the 
first
edition to include more detailed information about morphology and its rela-
tion to meaning. I have also added material on participant (thematic) roles in
Unit 20, including an introduction to the roles of possessor and experiencer.
With the exception of the new Unit 27, I decided to integrate this new material

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